Abstract
Photosensitizers (PSs) have received significant attention recently in cancer treatment due to its theranostic capability for imaging and phototherapy. These PSs are highly responsive to light source of a suitable wavelength for image-guided cancer therapy from generated singlet oxygen and/or thermal heat. Various organic dye PSs show tremendous attenuation of tumor cells during cancer treatment. Among them, porphyrin and chlorophyll-based ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) dyes are employed for photodynamic therapy (PDT) by reactive oxygen species (ROS) and free radicals generated with 400–700 nm laser lights, which have poor tissue penetration depth. To enhance the efficacy of PDT, other light sources such as red light laser and X-ray have been suggested; nonetheless, it is still a challenging task to improve the light penetration depth for deep tumor treatment. To overcome this deficiency, near infrared (NIR) (700–900 nm) PSs, indocyanine green (ICG), and its derivatives like IR780, IR806 and IR820, have been introduced for imaging and phototherapy. These NIR PSs have been used in various cancer treatment modality by combining photothermal therapy (PTT) and/or PDT with chemotherapy or immunotherapy. In this review, we will focus on the use of different PSs showing photothermal/photodynamic response to UV-Vis or NIR-Vis light. The emphasis is a comprehensive review of recent smart design of PS-loaded nanocomposites for targeted delivery of PSs in light-activated combination cancer therapy.
Highlights
While perfect PSs with responsiveness to deep tissue penetration light and high solubility in physiological buffers are still elusive, advances in nanomaterial design by complexing PSs with smartly designed nanocomposites have provided encouraging results in combination cancer therapy based on PS-mediated photothermal therapy (PTT) and/or photodynamic therapy (PDT)
The second generation PSs has limitations like their first-generation counterparts, their numerous usages in a clinical setting have proven their multi-functionality and efficacy in phototherapy-based cancer treatments guided by different imaging modalities
Should provide a better solution to the issues faced during phototherapy if their half-lives could be further extended
Summary
Through multimodal imaging techniques to determine the response during PDT, signals recorded during light irradiation can be depicted and monitored. NIR wavelength range (700–900 nm), are mostly activated by light in the higher NIR wavelength range (700–900 nm), which show intense penetration ability with excellent anti-cancer efficacy These PSs are still limited by factors like agglomeration and insolubility in aqueous solutions, leading to limited generation of ROS. To overcome these problems, new NIR PSs (e.g., IR806 and IR820), showing better aqueous suspension ability and better imaging properties, were. PSs are still limited by factors like agglomeration and insolubility in aqueous solutions, leading to limited generation of ROS To overcome these problems, new NIR PSs (e.g., IR806 and IR820), showing better aqueous suspension ability and better imaging properdeveloped recently for in vitro and in vivo use (Figure 2).
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