Photosensitization of Uroporphyrin Augments the Ultraviolet A-Induced Synthesis of Matrix Metalloproteinases in Human Dermal Fibroblasts

Abstract

Porphyria cutanea tarda is characterized by severe connective tissue damage in sun-exposed skin. The regulated synthesis and degradation of the extracellular matrix by various matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) determine its amount and composition within the skin. In this study, we therefore asked whether long-wave ultraviolet irradiation (340-450 nm) in conjunction with uroporphyrin I could modulate the synthesis of MMPs with substrate specificities for dermal (collagens I, III, V; proteoglycans) and basement membrane components (collagens IV, VII; fibronectin; laminin) and whether synthesis of the counteracting tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases is also affected. After irradiation of uroporphyrin-pretreated fibroblasts, specific mRNAs of MMP-1 and MMP-3 increased concomitantly up to 2.7-fold compared with ultraviolet-irradiated cells and up to 10-fold compared with mock-irradiated or uroporphyrin I-treated controls. In contrast, mRNA levels of tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases remained unaltered. Similar results were obtained by immunoprecipitation. Gelatin and casein zymography revealed increased proteolytic activity of MMP-2 and MMP-3 in blister fluids of patients with porphyria cutanea tarda, indicating that similar events may occur in vivo. Using deuterium oxide as enhancer and sodium azide as quencher of singlet oxygen, we could increase or reduce MMP synthesis, suggesting that singlet oxygen is the major intermediate in the upregulation of MMPs after irradiation of uroporphyrin-pretreated fibroblasts. Taken together, our results show that ultraviolet irradiation alone, and to a greater extent in conjunction with uroporphyrin I, results in an unbalanced synthesis of MMPs that may contribute to the destruction of the dermis and basement membrane, leading to blistering and accelerated photoaging in porphyria cutanea tarda patients.