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Abstract
A series of LiNbO3: Mo, Hf crystals with 0.5 mol % fixed MoO3 and various HfO2 concentrations (0.0, 2.0, and 3.5 mol %) were grown by the Czochralski technique. The photorefractive properties of the LiNbO3: Mo, Hf crystals were investigated by two-wave coupling measurements and the beam distortion method was employed to obtain the optical damage resistance ability. The UV-visible and OH− absorption spectra were also studied. The experimental results imply that the photorefractive properties of LiNbO3: Mo crystals at laser wavelengths of 532, 488, and 442 nm can be greatly enhanced by doping HfO2 over the threshold concentration. At 442 nm especially, the response time of LN: Mo, Hf3.5 can be shortened to 0.9 s with a diffraction efficiency of 46.07% and a photorefractive sensitivity reaching 6.28 cm/J. Besides this, the optical damage resistance at 532 nm is 3 orders of magnitude higher than that of the mono-doped LiNbO3: Mo crystal, which is beneficial for applying it in the field of high-intensity lasers.
Highlights
Lithium niobate (LiNbO3, or LN) crystal is one of the most prominent materials for applications in many practical fields, such as optical modulators [1], holographic storage [2], waveguides [3,4], resonators [5], and integrated optics devices, resulting from its superior and diverse physical performance [6,7]
Lithium niobate crystals co-doped with molybdenum and hafnium were grown and their photorefractive properties were studied with 532, 488, and 442 nm wavelength lasers
The results clearly describe that, different from the incorporation of Zr4+, which drastically reduces the photorefractive properties of LN: Mo crystal, Hf4+ co-doping can greatly enhance the photorefractive properties of LN: Mo crystal when the Hf4+ doping concentration is over the threshold
Summary
Lithium niobate (LiNbO3 , or LN) crystal is one of the most prominent materials for applications in many practical fields, such as optical modulators [1], holographic storage [2], waveguides [3,4], resonators [5], and integrated optics devices, resulting from its superior and diverse physical performance [6,7]. The control of photorefraction, i.e., saturated diffraction efficiency, response time, etc., is one of the most important research fields. The incorporation of transition metal ions, such as Fe, Cu, and Mn, can enhance the photorefractive properties of LN crystals [11,12,13], while Mg, In, Zr, and Hf ions would increase the optical damage resistance of LN crystals [14,15,16]. Tian et al reported that hexavalent Mo6+ doping can tremendously enhance the photorefractive properties of LN crystals [17]. To mono-doped Fe ions, there are still many obstacles, including low optical damage resistance and insufficient response time, which restrict their use in commercial applications. The subsequent work of Tian et al draws the conclusion that when the concentration of bivalent Mg2+ exceeds the threshold, the response time of LN: Mo, Mg crystal can be greatly shortened
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