Abstract
Raman scattering with excitation in the ultraviolet, visible, and near infrared and electron paramagnetic resonance are used to study the photorefractive properties of nominally pure, stoichiometric (R = Li/Nb = 1) single crystals of lithium niobate grown from a melt with 58.6 mol% Li2O (LiNbO3stoich), nominally pure crystals with a congruent composition (LiNbO3congr, R = 0.946), and Cu-doped crystals with a congruent composition (LiNbO3:Cu, [Cu] = 0.015 mass%). Optical irradiation is found to cause charge exchange of copper cations, Ca2+ → Cu, in the LiNbO3:Cu ([Cu] = 0.015 mass%) crystals. Thus, crystalline LiNbO3:Cu ([Cu] = 0.015 mass%) manifests photorefractive properties as a result of charge exchange of copper ions during laser irradiation, in addition to the contribution from intrinsic defects with localized electrons previously observed in LiNbO3stoich and LiNbO3congr.
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