Abstract
Context: Cranberry has numerous biological activities, including antioxidation, anticancer, cardioprotection, as well as treatment of urinary tract infection (UTI), attributed to abundant phenolic contents.Objective: The current study focused on the effect of cranberry juice (CJ) on blue light exposed human retinal pigment epithelial (ARPE-19) cells which mimic age-related macular degeneration (AMD).Materials and methods: Preliminary phytochemical and HPLC analysis, as well as total antioxidant capacity and scavenging activity of cranberry ethyl acetate extract and different CJ fractions (condensed tannins containing fraction), were evaluated. In cell line model, ARPE-19 were irradiated with blue light at 450 nm wavelength for 10 h (mimic AMD) and treated with different fractions of CJ extract at different doses (5–50 μg/mL) by assessing the cell viability or proliferation rate using MTT assay (repairing efficacy).Results: Phytochemical and HPLC analysis reveals the presence of several phenolic compounds (flavonoids, proanthocyanidin, quercetin) in ethyl acetate extract and different fractions of CJ. However, the condensed tannin containing fraction of ethyl acetate extract of CJ displayed the greater (p < 0.05) scavenging activity especially at the dose of 1 mg/mL. Similarly, the condensed tannin containing fraction at 50 μg/mL presented better (p < 0.05) repairing ability (increased cell viability). Furthermore, the oligomeric condensed tannin containing fraction display the best (p < 0.05) repairing efficiency at 50 μg/mL.Discussion and conclusion: In conclusion, this study distinctly proved that condensed tannin containing fraction of CJ probably exhibits better free radicals scavenging activity and thereby effectively protected the ARPE-19 cells and thus, hampers the progress of AMD.
Highlights
Cranberry is an important commercial crop in certain American states and Canadian provinces
The total phenolic contents and proanthocyanidins levels were significantly higher in EtOAc and condensed tannin fraction (CTF) extract respectively
CTF and EtOAc extract showed positive results on gelatin test, but negative results were found in non-condensed tannin fraction (NCTF)
Summary
Cranberry is an important commercial crop in certain American states and Canadian provinces. Cranberries contain an astonishing array of phyto components such as phenolic acids (hydroxycinnamic, caffeine, coumaric and ferulic acid), proanthocyanidins (epicatechin), anthocyanins (cyanidin, malvadins and peonidins), flavonoids (quercetin, myricetin and kaempferol) and terpenoids (especially ursolic acid). Many of these phyto components contribute to various pharmacological properties including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anticancer health benefits (Neto 2007; Szajdek & Borowska 2008). Cranberries ( in the form of cranberry juice) have been used widely for several decades for numerous beneficial properties, including hypolipidemic (Wilson et al 1998; Ruel & Couillard 2007), anti-inflammatory and antioxidative (Yan et al 2002; Ruel et al 2008). It is reported to suppress the growth of bacteria such as Escherichia coli and Helicobacter pylori (Zhang et al 2005; Lavigne et al.2008) and treating the gastric ulcer and UTI (Burger et al 2000; Howell et al 2001)
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