Abstract
Ultraviolet radiation (UVR) from sunlight is an environmental human carcinogen. Skin exposure to UVR would increase the oxidative stress, deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) damage, melanogenesis and photocarcinogenesis. Therefore, development of photoprotective agent is necessary in order to reduce the cutaneous toxicity. The use natural active compounds like stilbenes and its derivatives have gained attention as photoprotection to skin due to its broad biological activities such as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti melanogenesis and chemoprevention. This review article aims to analyse the existing literature on the photoprotective effect of stilbenes and its derivatives which include the resveratrol, pterostilbene, piceatannol and oxyresveratrol on in vitro and in vivo studies. This article describes the stilbenes and its derivatives protect and prevent UVR induced skin disorders via the reduction of oxidative stress, alleviation of DNA damage, inhibition of melanogenesis and anti photocarcinogenic effect.
Highlights
Biomedical Science Programme, School of Diagnostic and Applied Health Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 50300, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
UV radiation can be divided into three categories based on its wavelength which include ultraviolet A (UVA), ultraviolet B (UVB) and ultraviolet C (UVC)
The research advances in anti- melanogenesis, antioxidant and anti-carcinogenic effect of natural stilbenes against Ultraviolet radiation (UVR) irradiation were reviewed in the present paper
Summary
Murine melanoma B-16 cell line Guinea pig Reduction of oxidative stress ↑ GST, SOD ↑ SOD, GSH-Px; ↓ lipid peroxidation ↓ lipid peroxidation Inhibition of melanogenesis ↓ pigment index; “! tyrosinase, TRP-1, TRP-2, MITF protein expression ↓ melanin level ↓ autophagy, ↓ pigmentation ↓ melanoma cells proliferation; ↓ tyrosinase protein expression· Anti-photocarcinogenic effect ↓ ERK, p53, p38 activation; ↑Bax/Bcl ratio ↓ AKT, S6 activation in mTOR pathway· ↑ Beclin[1] activation in apoptosis pathway ↓ PCNA, MAPK; “!cellular proliferation ↓ cdk-2, cdk-4, cdk-6, cyclin D1, cyclin D2; ↓ cell cycle ↑E- cadherin ↓ Tumor incidence ↓ Survivin at protein & mRNA level, ↑ Smac/DIABLO ↓ TGF-μ§ Reduction of oxidative stress ↓ intracellular ROS Alleviation of DNA damage ↓ DNA comet tail ↓ 8-OH-dG Inhibition of melanogenesis ↓ tyrosinase Anti-photocarcinogenic effect ↓ tumorigenesis Reduction of oxidative stress ↑ GSH; ↓ intracellular ROS. Topical application of resveratrol prior to UVB irradiation inhibits the Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) which is responsible for cellular proliferation, Other than that, western blot analysis showed that downregulation of expression of cdk-2, cdk[4], cdk-6, cyclin D1and cyclin D2 protein levels in epidermis. These findings strongly suggest resveratrol able to inhibits the progression of cell cycle.
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