Photoprotective compounds in weakly and strongly pigmented copepods and co‐occurring cladocerans

Abstract

Summary1. The prevalence of mycosporine‐like amino acids (MAAs) – a group of potential ultraviolet (UV)‐photoprotective compounds – was surveyed across 11 species of freshwater copepods from 20 lakes of varying ultraviolet radiation (UVR) transparency in North America, New Zealand and Argentina. Co‐occurring cladocerans were also analysed (seven species from 12 lakes). Many of the calanoid copepod populations were red with carotenoid pigmentation, allowing comparison of MAA and carotenoid accumulation as photoprotective strategies.2. In two Pennsylvania (U.S.A.) lakes, MAA and carotenoid contents were followed during the early spring to mid‐summer period of lake warming. A pronounced seasonal pattern of higher carotenoid/low MAA content in spring, shifting to low carotenoid/higher MAA content in summer, was observed in calanoids from the more UV transparent lake.3. All copepod samples contained MAAs. Visibly red calanoids, especially southern Hemisphere Boeckella, often had moderate to high concentrations (2.5–11 μg MAA mg−1 dw), but low concentrations (0.04–1 μg MAA mg−1 dw) in some N. American red calanoids show that high carotenoid pigmentation (e.g. 5–10 μg carotenoid mg−1 dw) does not necessarily imply high MAA content.4. No cladoceran sample had more than trace amounts of MAAs (<0.05 μg mg−1 dw). Therefore, MAA accumulation does not seem to be a photoprotective strategy utilized by Daphnia (five species from nine lakes) or other cladocerans.5. Seven identifiable MAAs were widely distributed among both calanoids and cyclopoids. Shinorine was ubiquitous and was usually the most abundant MAA in N. American samples. In contrast, porphyra‐334 was the predominant MAA in the southern Hemisphere Boeckella.6. Copepods from higher UVR lakes tended to have a higher MAA content, but this relationship was statistically weak overall and taxon‐specific when found.