Abstract
Understanding the spatiotemporal change in hemodynamics is essential for the basic research of atherosclerosis. The objective of this study was to establish a methodology to clarify the relation between a two-dimensional (2D) unsteady blood flow field and forward and backward propagating waves in a carotid artery. This study utilized photoplethysmography (PPG) for blood pressure measurement and two-dimensional ultrasonic-measurement-integrated (2D-UMI) simulation for flow field analysis. The validity of the methodology was confirmed in an experiment for a carotid artery of a healthy volunteer. Synchronization between the pressure measurement and flow field analysis was achieved with an error of <10 ms. A 2D unsteady blood flow field in the carotid artery was characterized in relation to forward and backward waves. 2D-UMI simulation reproduced the flow field in which the wall shear stress takes a maximum at the time of the backward wave superiority in the systolic phase, whereas 2D ordinary simulation failed to reproduce this feature because of poor reproducibility of velocity distribution. In conclusion, the proposed methodology using PPG and 2D-UMI simulation was shown to be a potential tool to clarify the relation between 2D unsteady blood flow field and the forward and backward waves in a carotid artery.
Highlights
Prevention and early detection of arteriosclerosis are important in all circulatory diseases [29]
A methodology was established to clarify the relation between a 2D unsteady blood flow field and forward and backward waves in a carotid artery by synchronizing blood pressure measurement with PPG and flow field analysis with 2D-UMI simulation
A method to clarify the relation between a 2D unsteady blood flow field and forward and backward waves in a carotid artery was investigated
Summary
Prevention and early detection of arteriosclerosis are important in all circulatory diseases [29]. Typical diagnostic methods of arteriosclerosis evaluate the systolic and diastolic blood pressure [2], the pulse wave velocity (PWV) [30], and the augmentation index (AI) [18], or the morphology of the cross section of a blood vessel, such as atheroma and calcification [19], and intima-media thickness using an ultrasonic diagnostic apparatus [6, 20]. Kamiya [16] and Langille et al [21] reported that according to the change in flow rate, the internal blood vessel diameter changes so as to keep the WSS constant. Caro et al [3] reported that the non-planar curvature and branching of arteries average WSS acting on the vessel wall preventing the progress of
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