Photons, thermodynamics, and expanding universe

Abstract

The total number of blackbody photons of cosmic background radiation after decoupling from matter is independent of time,but the cosmic redshift effect lets the radiation tempreture decrease with the universe scale increasing,then the total energy of cosmic background radiation decreases as the universe expands,which is contrary to the first law of thermodynamics. The density of dark energy corresponding to the cosmological constant is independent of time,which means that matter is continuously created in an expanding universe,then the total energy of the universe will reach to infinity. The paradoxes in the standard model of cosmology indicate that the foundation of cosmic dynamics needs to be carefuly inspected. We propose an alternative model of cosmology with energy conservation giving an evolution picture of universe completely different with the standard model. In our model the state of equilibrium between matter and dark energy with a constant expansion rate is ordinary for universe,acceleration or deceleration is just temporary deviation from the equilibrium state by a phase transition with transformation between balanced matter and dark energy. It is expected that cosmological observations will judge the two kinds of cosmological model.