Abstract

Modern society relies heavily on the conversion of heat into mechanical work. The first heat engines were responsible for the industrial revolution, but behind the scenes they were also fuelling the development of ther-modynamics. In 1824 Sadi Carnot's interest in improving the performance of steam engines led him to think about the efficiency of a heat engine in a new and fundamental way. He concluded that the maximum efficiency of a heat engine that absorbs heat from a reservoir at a given temperature, T2, and rejects heat to another reservoir at a lower temperature, T1, is ν=1T1/T2. In other words it is impossible to extract work from a single heat bath – a rule that we now know to be a consequence of the second law of thermodynamics.

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