Abstract
Photon operators with the proper $J^{PC}$ quantum numbers are constructed, including one made of elementary plaquettes. In compact U(1) lattice gauge theory, these explicit photon operators are shown to permit direct confirmation of the massive and massless states on each side of the phase transition. In the abelian Higgs model, these explicit photon operators avoid some excited state contamination seen with the traditional composite operator, and allow more detailed future studies of the Higgs mechanism.
Highlights
In a pioneering work, Berg and Panagiotakopoulos [1]showed the existence of a massless photon in compact U(1)lattice gauge theory
In this paper we investigate a number of different operators that can be used to interpolate the photon
As a further application of the single photon operators we consider the fate of the photon in the Abelian Higgs model
Summary
Berg and Panagiotakopoulos [1] mention the possibility of using operators constructed from 8-link Wilson loops [8] to investigate states that transform as T−1 −, which corresponds to the quantum numbers of a single photon on the lattice. On the lattice it has transformation properties. That it mixes with and describes the same state as the composite vector boson operator, requires a photon operator with the correct quantum numbers.
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