Abstract
Photon avalanche-induced up-conversion green emission centered at 545 nm was observed in Ho 3+ doped, and Ho 3+, Tm 3+ co-doped ZrF 4-based heavy metal fluoride glasses, when excited near 585 nm, which is off resonance with any ground state absorption bands of either Ho 3+ or Tm 3+ ions. Analyses of spectral measurements suggest that the 545 nm emission occurs from the 5 S 2 and 5 F 4 states of Ho 3+ that are populated by excited-state absorption from the 5 I 7 state of Ho 3+. Multi-channel cross-relaxation processes that efficiently populate the 5 I 7 state make the photon avalanche process efficient in this system. The photon avalanche dynamics are discussed in detail by comparing the experimental results from the Ho 3+ doped and Ho 3+, Tm 3+ co-doped samples.
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