Photoionization of helium atoms irradiated with intense vacuum ultraviolet free-electron laser light. Part I. Experimental study of multiphoton and single-photon processes

Abstract

The interaction of He atoms with intense vacuum-ultraviolet light of a free-electron laser is investigated using time-of-flight mass spectroscopy and photoelectron spectroscopy. The atoms were irradiated with $100\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{fs}$ pulses at $95\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{nm}$ wavelength, which corresponds to $\ensuremath{\sim}13\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{eV}$ photon energy. The ionization of He atoms is observed at a peak intensity of ${10}^{10}--{10}^{13}\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{W}∕{\mathrm{cm}}^{2}$, which is due both to nonlinear multiphoton ionization with the fundamental wavelength and single-photon ionization with third harmonic radiation of the free-electron laser. The observation of two sharp photoelectron peaks in the kinetic energy spectra, that are separated by the photon energy, is in agreement with the numerical solution of the time-dependent Schr\odinger equation. The calculation was done using the fully quantized field and a limited but representative set of basis states. The ionization rate dependence on the laser peak intensity indicates that: (a) The low-energy peak in the photoelectron spectra is mainly due to two-photon absorption of the fundamental, but (b) the high-energy peak at $15.4\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{eV}$ is probably due to third harmonic FEL radiation. The theoretically predicted contribution from three-photon absorption of the fundamental is of about the same order of magnitude and could not be separated from the third harmonic background signal. Particularly, the photoelectron spectra and ${\mathrm{He}}^{+}$ time-of-flight data give evidence that the intensity of third harmonic light is high enough to perform single-shot spectroscopy on gas phase samples.