Abstract
A simple method for close range and aerial photogrammetry applications has been developed. The method is in the form of bundle block adjustment which utilizes only the measured distance(s) between points for generating adjusted relative three dimensional (3D) coordinate system. Software based on the proposed method has been developed and tested using simulated data. The effects of block size, number and location of measured distances, and random errors on bundle block adjustments using the proposed and the conventional methods have been studied using simulated and actual photogrammetric data. It was found that the accuracy of the bundle block adjustment using the proposed method is comparable or better than the results of conventional method. The proposed method, is suitable for photogrammetrists and non-photogrammetrists in different fields such as architectural, archaeological, forensic and aerial photogrammetry, where relative 3D coordinates system may be required. It has a significant effect on reducing the overall cost of the photogrammetric project. Merging the capabilities of the developed software and Computer Aided Design (CAD) technology, especially 3D drawing generation, widens its applications areas to include recording buildings and monuments which is necessary for architectural and archaeological applications.
Highlights
Photogrammetry In photogrammetry, image blocks are connected by numerical methods of bundle adjustment (El-Ashmawy, 1999; Ghosh, 2005; Rupnik, Nex, Toschi, & Remondino, 2015; Gneeniss, Mills, & Miller, 2015; James, Robson, d’Oleire-Oltmanns, & Niethammer, 2017)
To find the parameters of the exterior orientations and object space coordinates of new points, control points are necessary at the object; approximate values of the unknowns are used for adjustment
The collection of object space coordinates of control points presents a significant problem in many practical applications, as an existing source of control points may not be available (Ghosh, 2005)
Summary
Photogrammetry In photogrammetry, image blocks are connected by numerical methods of bundle adjustment (El-Ashmawy, 1999; Ghosh, 2005; Rupnik, Nex, Toschi, & Remondino, 2015; Gneeniss, Mills, & Miller, 2015; James, Robson, d’Oleire-Oltmanns, & Niethammer, 2017). Xiong (2015) used bundle block adjustment without control points for processing satellite imagery of China using rigorous sensor model method. The paper aims to: –– Reducing the survey work to measure only distance(s) between points instead of determination of object space coordinates of control points; –– Derivation of a proposed method based on the above mentioned assumption; –– Investigation of the accuracy of proposed method; and –– Comparing between the results of the proposed method with the results of conventional bundle block adjustment. The results of the relative orientation give two sets of six exterior orientation elements, one set for each photograph Based on these elements, the analytical model positions of all measured points can be computed by the process of space intersection (El-Ashmawy, 1999; Ghosh, 2005). –– Computation of relative 3D coordinates of points; –– Computation of the mean scale factor; –– Scaling the relative 3D coordinate system to object space system; and –– Least squares technique (LST) solution for obtaining the adjusted relative 3D coordinates of points
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