Abstract

Hard- and soft-X-ray photoelectron spectroscopies (HAXPES and SXPES) are very powerful for studying the bulk electronic structures of strongly correlated electron systems. The presence of an intrinsic surface layer on clean fractured surfaces is demonstrated for LiV 2 O 4 . In this material, single-nucleus recoil effects are very prominent not only for all core levels but also for valence states at 20 K. However, such recoil effects are negligible in VO 2 even at 350 K in spite of the fact that VO 2 has a similar V–O 6 octahedron structure. The marked intensity increase in the high-binding-energy part of the so-called O 2p band relative to the V 3d band in HAXPES is interpreted to be due to the V 4s state contribution. Very high resolution extremely low energy photoelectron spectroscopy (ELEPES) is performed with Kr and Xe lamps at 10.1 and 8.4 eV, respectively, demonstrating its bulk sensitivity for this material with heavy-Fermion-like behavior.

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