Abstract
In the development of hydrogen-based technology, a key challenge is the sustainable production of hydrogen in terms of energy consumption and environmental aspects. However, existing methods mainly rely on fossil fuels due to their cost efficiency, and as such, it is difficult to be completely independent of carbon-based technology. Electrochemical hydrogen production is essential, since it has shown the successful generation of hydrogen gas of high purity. Similarly, the photoelectrochemical (PEC) method is also appealing, as this method exhibits highly active and stable water splitting with the help of solar energy. In this article, we review recent developments in PEC water splitting, particularly those using metal-organic halide perovskite materials. We discuss the exceptional optical and electrical characteristics which often dictate PEC performance. We further extend our discussion to the material limit of perovskite under a hydrogen production environment, i.e., that PEC reactions often degrade the contact between the electrode and the electrolyte. Finally, we introduce recent improvements in the stability of a perovskite-based PEC device.
Highlights
With continuously increasing energy consumption and pollution levels, enormous efforts have been made through international collaborations in various aspects to tackle energy challenges since the Kyoto Protocol and the Paris Climate Change Accord [1]
The electrons and holes generated by the semiconductor are transferred to the molecular catalyst to induce the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) and hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) reactions, where, typically, p-type semiconductors are used for water reduction and n-type semiconductors are used for water oxidation
The perovskite photoelectrochemical cell consists of a perovskite light absorption layer, an electron transporting layer, and a hole transporting layer (HTL) to extract the generated electron and hole, and a passivation layer to prevent perovskite degradation in aqueous solution
Summary
With continuously increasing energy consumption and pollution levels, enormous efforts have been made through international collaborations in various aspects to tackle energy challenges since the Kyoto Protocol and the Paris Climate Change Accord [1]. Materials 2020, 13, 210 extensively researched as PEC water splitting photoanodes due to their long-term stability, a metal oxide having a large bandgap possesses a low photocurrent, as it is unable to sufficiently absorb the wavelengths of the visible light region [6,7,8]. Several researchers have been investigating various passivation technologies for the long-term stability of perovskite-based PEC devices [16,17,18]. In this mini-review, we discuss recent progress on perovskite materials as promising candidates for PEC water splitting reactions and stability issues under aqueous operation, as well as the intrinsic properties about perovskite materials
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