Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) with 5-aminolevulinic acid (ALA), a precursor to the potent photosensitizer, protoporphyrin IX (PpIX), is an established modality for several malignant and premalignant diseases. This treatment is based on the light-activated PpIX in targeted lesions. Although numerous studies have confirmed the necrosis and apoptosis involved in the mechanism of action of this modality, little information is available for the change of exosome levels after treatment. We report from the first study on the effects of ALA-PDT on cytokines and exosomes of human healthy peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). The treatment reduced the cytokines and exosomes studied, although there was variation among individual PBMC samples. This reduction is consistent with PDT-mediated survivals of subsets of PBMCs. More specifically, the ALA-PDT treatment apparently decreased all pro-inflammatory cytokines included, suggesting that this treatment may provide a strong anti-inflammatory effect. In addition, the treatment has decreased the levels of different types of exosomes, the HLA-DRDPDQ exosome in particular, which plays an important role in the rejection of organ transplantation as well as autoimmune diseases. These results may suggest future therapeutic strategies of ALA-PDT.
Highlights
Photodynamic therapy (PDT), an established treatment modality for several malignant and pre-malignant diseases, uses a combination of a lesion-localizing photosensitizing agent with light irradiation to induce photochemical and photobiological reactions in the presence of oxygen
Considerable interest has been directed towards developing a PDT regimen with an endogenous potent photosensitizer, protoporphyrin IX (PpIX). 5-aminolevulinic acid (ALA), a naturally occurring amino acid formed from glycine and succinyl CoA, is a precursor to PpIX in the heme biosynthesis pathway
We have studied the photodynamic effects on cytokines and exosomes of human normal peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) with ALA
Summary
Photodynamic therapy (PDT), an established treatment modality for several malignant and pre-malignant diseases, uses a combination of a lesion-localizing photosensitizing agent with light irradiation to induce photochemical and photobiological reactions in the presence of oxygen. These reactions lead to irreversible photodamage to the lesion. Cytokines are a family of small proteins that are involved in growth and activities of blood cells including immune cells. They are largely produced by immune cells such as macrophages, T-cells, B-cells, and non-immune cells including endothelial cells and fibroblasts. We have studied the photodynamic effects on cytokines and exosomes of human normal peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) with ALA
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