Photodissociation of 1-bromo-2-butene, 4-bromo-1-butene, and cyclopropylmethyl bromide at 234nm studied using velocity map imaging

Abstract

We present photofragment imaging experiments to characterize potential photolytic precursors of three C4H7 radical isomers: 1-methylallyl, cyclopropylmethyl, and 3-buten-1-yl radicals. The experiments use 2+1 resonance enhanced multiphoton ionization (REMPI) with velocity map imaging to state-selectively detect the Br(2P(3/2)) and Br(2P(1/2)) atoms as a function of their recoil velocity imparted upon photodissociation of 1-bromo-2-butene, cyclopropylmethyl bromide, and 4-bromo-1-butene at 234 nm as well as the angular distributions of the photofragments. Energy and momentum conservation allows the internal energy distribution of the nascent momentum-matched radicals to be derived. The radicals are detected with single photon photoionization at 157 nm. In the case of the 1-methylallyl radical the photoionization cross section is expected to be independent of internal energy in the range of 7-30 kcal/mol. Thus, comparison of the product recoil kinetic energy distribution derived from the measurement of the 1-methylallyl velocity distribution, detecting the radicals with 157 nm photoionization, with a linear combination of the Br atom recoil kinetic energy distributions allows us to derive reliable REMPI line strength ratios for the detection of Br atoms and to test the assumption that the photoionization cross section does not strongly depend on the internal energy of the radical. This line strength ratio is then used to determine the branching to the Br(2P(3/2)) and Br(2P(1/2)) product channels for the other two photolytic systems and to determine the internal energy distribution of their momentum-matched radicals. (We also revisit earlier work on the photodissociation of cyclobutyl bromide which detected the Br atoms and momentum-matched cyclobutyl radicals.) This allows us to test whether the 157 nm photoionization of these radicals is insensitive to internal energy for the distribution of total internal (vibrational+rotational) energy produced. We find that 157 nm photoionization of cyclopropylmethyl radicals is relatively insensitive to internal energy, while 3-buten-1-yl radicals show a photoionization cross section that is markedly dependent on internal energy with the lowest internal energy radicals not efficiently detected by photoionization at 157 nm. We present electronic structure calculations of the radicals and their cations to understand the experimental results.