Photodegradation of tetrahalobisphenol-A (X = Cl, Br) flame retardants and delineation of factors affecting the process

Abstract

The photoassisted degradation (HPLC-UV absorption), dehalogenation (HPLC-IC) and mineralization (TOC decay) of the flame retardants tetrabromobisphenol-A (TBBPA) and tetrachlorobisphenol-A (TCBPA) were examined in UV-irradiated alkaline aqueous TiO2 dispersions (pH 12), and for comparison the parent bisphenol-A (BPA, an endocrine disruptor) in pH 4–12 aqueous media to assess which factor impact most on the photodegradative process. Complete degradation (2.7–2.8×10−2min−1) and dehalogenation (1.8×10−2min−1) of TBBPA and TCBPA occurred within 2h of UV irradiation, whereas only 45–60% mineralization (2.3–2.7×10−3min−1) was complete within 5h for the flame retardants at pH 12 and ca. 80% for the parent BPA. Factors examined in the pH range 4–12 that impact the degradation of BPA were the point of zero charge of TiO2 particles (pHpzc; electrophoretic method), particle or aggregate sizes of TiO2 (light scattering), and the relative number of OH radicals (as DMPO–OH adducts; ESR spectroscopy) produced in the UV-irradiated dispersion. Dynamics of BPA degradation (2.0–2.4×10−2min−1) were pH-independent and independent of particle/aggregate size, but did correlate with the number of OH radicals, at least at pHs 4 to 8–9, after which the rates decreased somewhat at pH>9 with decreasing adsorption owing to Coulombic repulsive forces between the very negative TiO2 surface and the anionic forms of BPA (pKas ca. 9.6–11.3), even though the number of OH radicals continued to increase at the higher pHs.