Abstract
BackgroundPhotochemical tissue bonding (PTB) is a promising sutureless technique for tissue repair. PTB is often achieved by applying a solution of rose bengal (RB) between two tissue edges, which are irradiated by a green laser to crosslink collagen fibers with minimal heat production. In this study, RB has been incorporated in chitosan films to create a novel tissue adhesive that is laser-activated.MethodsAdhesive films, based on chitosan and containing ~0.1 wt% RB were manufactured and bonded to calf intestine by a solid state laser (λ = 532 nm, Fluence~110 J/cm2, spot size~0.5 cm). A single-column tensiometer, interfaced with a personal computer, tested the bonding strength. K-type thermocouples recorded the temperature (T) at the adhesive-tissue interface during laser irradiation. Human fibroblasts were also seeded on the adhesive and cultured for 48 hours to assess cell growth.ResultsThe RB-chitosan adhesive bonded firmly to the intestine with adhesion strength of 15 ± 2 kPa, (n = 31). The adhesion strength dropped to 0.5 ± 0.1 (n = 8) kPa when the laser was not applied to the adhesive. The average temperature of the adhesive increased from 26°C to 32°C during laser exposure. Fibroblasts grew confluent on the adhesive without morphological changes.ConclusionA new biocompatible chitosan adhesive has been developed that bonds photochemically to tissue with minimal temperature increase.
Highlights
Photochemical tissue bonding (PTB) is a promising sutureless technique for tissue repair
There is a fundamental difference between these two dyes; the formal absorbs the laser at 810 nm in an exothermic reaction while rose bengal photochemically cross-links collagen, without significant heat production (l = 532 nm) [8]
The bonding strength of tissue that is repaired with laser and rose bengal (RB) is comparable to the strength of photo-thermal Laser tissue welding (LTW); tissue can suffer thermal injury in the latter case as temperature rises to 60-70°C [9,10]
Summary
Photochemical tissue bonding (PTB) is a promising sutureless technique for tissue repair. There is a fundamental difference between these two dyes; the formal absorbs the laser at 810 nm in an exothermic reaction while rose bengal photochemically cross-links collagen, without significant heat production (l = 532 nm) [8]. Known as solders, and chitosan adhesive films have been developed and applied to repair a range of tissues, including dura mater, peripheral nerves, bowels, blood vessels and urethra [11,12,13,14,15]. The tissue damage associated with the exothermal absorption of the dye can be detrimental because tissue temperature often exceeds 70°C [16] At this temperature, albumin and collagen molecules denature and crosslink together. The film is biocompatible and successfully bonded in vitro to calf small intestine with a modest increase of temperature (~6°C)
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