Abstract
The palm oil industry produces liquid waste called POME (palm oil mill effluent). POME is stated as one of the wastes that are difficult to handle because of its large production and ineffective treatment. It will disturb the ecosystem with a high organic matter content if the waste is disposed directly into the environment. The authorities have established policies and regulations in the POME waste quality standard before being discharged into the environment. However, at this time, there are still many factories in Indonesia that have not been able to meet the standard of POME waste disposal with the existing treatment technology. Currently, the POME treatment system is still using a conventional system known as an open pond system. Although this process can reduce pollutants’ concentration, it will produce much sludge, requiring a large pond area and a long processing time. To overcome the inability of the conventional system to process POME is believed to be a challenge. Extensive effort is being invested in developing alternative technologies for the POME waste treatment to reduce POME waste safely. Several technologies have been studied, such as anaerobic processes, membrane technology, advanced oxidation processes (AOPs), membrane technology, adsorption, steam reforming, and coagulation. Among other things, an AOP, namely photocatalytic technology, has the potential to treat POME waste. This paper provides information on the feasibility of photocatalytic technology for treating POME waste. Although there are some challenges in this technology’s large-scale application, this paper proposes several strategies and directions to overcome these challenges.
Highlights
Waste is a material produced from industrial or domestic activities whose existence is often undesirable because it negatively impacts the environment
This review consists of four main parts: general information and the standard quality of Palm Oil Mill Effluent (POME) waste, the development of technologies in POME processing including conventional and alternative technologies, the general principle of photocatalysis process and the development of photocatalysts including semiconductor-based and modification of semiconductor-based that are used for POME degradation, and operational parameters that affect the process and kinetic models of photocatalytic degradation of POME
advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) have been reported as an alternative treatment technology for POME waste
Summary
Waste is a material produced from industrial or domestic (household) activities whose existence is often undesirable because it negatively impacts the environment. POME containing a high-water content (>95%) causes high energy requirements [10] Another alternative technology is the advanced oxidation process (AOP) using heterogeneous photocatalytic in semiconductors such as TiO2, ZnO, WO3, SnO2, CdS, SiO2, ZrO2, ZnO, Nb2O3, Fe2O3, V2O5, Sb2O4, CeO2, etc. Photon energy (UV light/visible light) is used as a driving force to activate semiconductor-based materials that act as a catalyst to degrade pollutants This technology is environmentally friendly and classified as cost-effective in processing various pollutants such as organic and inorganic wastes [20]. This technology can utilize natural sunlight as photon energy, reducing operational costs [21]. This review consists of four main parts: general information and the standard quality of POME waste, the development of technologies in POME processing including conventional and alternative technologies, the general principle of photocatalysis process and the development of photocatalysts including semiconductor-based and modification of semiconductor-based that are used for POME degradation, and operational parameters that affect the process and kinetic models of photocatalytic degradation of POME
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