Photocatalytic degradation of methylparathion—An endocrine disruptor by Bi 3+-doped TiO 2

Abstract

The relationships between the catalyst physicochemical properties and its photocatalytic activity have been investigated and elucidated in the photodegradation of the organophosphate insecticide methylparathion. The photocatalytic degradation was investigated by using a sol–gel synthesized Bi 3+-doped TiO 2 nanocatalyst (using doping concentrations up to 2 wt.% Bi 3+) under UV-A light in aqueous suspension. The prepared photocatalysts were characterized by X-ray diffraction, (environmental) scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, energy dispersive X-ray analysis, IR–UV–vis absorption spectra, X-ray photoelectron emission spectroscopy and room- and low-temperature photoluminescence spectra. The photodegradation and mineralization products of methylparathion were analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography, dissolved organic carbon and ion chromatography techniques. The experiments demonstrated that the presence of Bi 3+ in TiO 2 catalysts substantially enhances the photocatalytic degradation of methylparathion in aqueous suspension. The degradation of methylparathion by these catalysts followed a first-order kinetic model and an optimal dosage between 0.7 and 1.5% Bi 3+ in TiO 2 achieved the fastest methylparathion degradation under the experimental conditions. This study has also investigated the mineralization of methylparathion in terms of carbon, sulphur and nitrogen conversion during the photocatalytic reaction. The possible mechanisms of photoluminescence quenching and photodegradation are elucidated in the context of donor–acceptor interactions with Bi–O polyhedra acting as electron trapping centres which hinder electron–hole pair recombination.