Photocatalytic activity of Ho3+-Yb3+ activated BiVO4 upconverting phosphors

Abstract

The BiVO4:Ho3+-Yb3+ upconverting phosphors have been synthesized by using the chemical co-precipitation method and optimized with 0.7 % Ho3+ + 6 % Yb3+ combination through frequency upconversion emission study. The synthesized phosphors have been characterized through XRD (X-Ray diffraction), FESEM (Field emission scanning electron microscopy), HR-TEM (High resolution- Transmission electron microscopy), UV–vis diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (DRS), Raman, and FT-IR (Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy). The XPS (X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy) analysis has been performed to study the elemental composition, chemical, and electronic states of the atoms present in the optimized sample. The specific surface area of the pure and optimized phosphors has been determined through BET (Brunauer-Emmett-Teller) analysis. From the XRD analysis, it is clear that on doping, the crystal structure of BiVO4 changes from monoclinic to tetragonal structure. The values of rate constants for the photocatalytic performance of the upconverting codoped and pure BiVO4 phosphors under the illumination with an artificial solar lamp for degradation of MB dye are found to be 0.00498 min−1 and 0.00269 min−1, respectively. To verify these results, the same experiment has also been performed under the visible LED (Light-emitting diode) light illumination. This enhancement of ∼ 85 % in the rate constant of the photocatalytic performance ensured the utilization of the NIR portion of the light by the codoped BiVO4 phosphors through the frequency upconversion process. The material’s recycling photocatalysis experiment for three cycles has been performed to check its reusability. The upconversion emission and XRD analysis of the materials after photocatalysis have been performed. From this study, it is confirmed that the stability of the sample is better even after three cycles of photocatalytic dye degradation experiment.