Photocatalytic activity evaluation of TiO2 nanoparticles based on COD analyses for water treatment applications: a standardization attempt

Abstract

Evaluation of the photocatalytic activities of TiO2 nanomaterials based on the chemical oxygen demand (COD) analyses under identical experimental conditions was not previously reported. In this work, COD has been selected as an adequate industrial water quality measure toward the establishment of a representative standard test method. The initial COD values of six organic pollutants representing dye, surfactants, phenols and alcohol were set at 30 ± 2 mg/L. Ten of different commercial and synthesized TiO2 samples representing anatase, rutile and mixed phases were used and characterized. The data of photocatalytic processes were compared to that obtained using the commonly widespread Degussa-P25 TiO2 (TD). The COD of all pollutants was completely removed by TD at UV exposure dose ≤9.36 mWh/cm2. Consequently, the maximum irradiation dose was set at this value in all experiments. The percentages of COD removal as well as the values of the accumulated UV doses required for complete removal of pollutants were measured using the different TiO2 samples. TiO2 samples show different performance abilities toward the various pollutants compared to TD. Based on the obtained data, TiO2 photocatalysts were divided into two categories according to the hydroxyl radical formation rates. Comparison with previous studies reveals that the photocatalytic efficiency evaluation depends on the method of measurement. COD is recommended to be used as an adequate technique of analysis that meets the purpose of water treatment applications.