Photobiomodulation with Red and Near-Infrared Light Improves Viability and Modulates Expression of Mesenchymal and Apoptotic-Related Markers in Human Gingival Fibroblasts.

Ievgeniia Kocherova,Bartosz Kempisty,Marzena Dominiak,Jacek Matys,Kinga Grzech-Leśniak,Katarzyna Błochowiak,Mariusz Kaczmarek,Paul Mozdziak,Artur Bryja,Katarzyna Stefańska,Marta Dyszkiewicz-Konwińska

doi:10.3390/ma14123427

Abstract

Photobiomodulation (PBM), also called low-level laser treatment (LLLT), has been considered a promising tool in periodontal treatment due to its anti-inflammatory and wound healing properties. However, photobiomodulation’s effectiveness depends on a combination of parameters, such as energy density, the duration and frequency of the irradiation sessions, and wavelength, which has been shown to play a key role in laser-tissue interaction. The objective of the study was to compare the in vitro effects of two different wavelengths—635 nm and 808 nm—on the human primary gingival fibroblasts in terms of viability, oxidative stress, inflammation markers, and specific gene expression during the four treatment sessions at power and energy density widely used in dental practice (100 mW, 4 J/cm2). PBM with both 635 and 808 nm at 4 J/cm2 increased the cell number, modulated extracellular oxidative stress and inflammation markers and decreased the susceptibility of human primary gingival fibroblasts to apoptosis through the downregulation of apoptotic-related genes (P53, CASP9, BAX). Moreover, modulation of mesenchymal markers expression (CD90, CD105) can reflect the possible changes in the differentiation status of irradiated fibroblasts. The most pronounced results were observed following the third irradiation session. They should be considered for the possible optimization of existing low-level laser irradiation protocols used in periodontal therapies.

Highlights

Since the first successful implementation of lasers in the mid-1960 for retina coagulation, lasers quickly have found their application in other fields of medicine, including dentistry [1]
Thegingival gingivaltissue tissueisiscomposed composedofofthe thesuperficial superficialoral oralepithelium epitheliumand andunderlying underlying connective tissue. These tissues represent the first sites affected by interaction with biofilms connective tissue
These tissues represent the first sites affected by interaction with bioand develop an inflammatory response

Summary

Introduction

Since the first successful implementation of lasers in the mid-1960 for retina coagulation, lasers quickly have found their application in other fields of medicine, including dentistry [1]. While high-energy lasers appeared to be a promising tool for hard tissue treatment, photobiomodulation (PBM), called soft laser therapy or low-level laser irradiation (LLLI), may represent a treatment of choice for soft tissues. Application of PBM along with gingivectomy results in improved condition and faster regeneration [9]. In a study on wound healing after gingivectomy and gingivoplasty surgeries, low-level laser therapy application resulted in increased epithelialization and wound healing [10]. LLLT was reported to exert a therapeutic effect in the nonsurgical treatment of chronic periodontitis [1,12,13]. Scaling and root planning combined with LLLT managed to improve radiographic bone density and to probe pocket depth short-term reduction in patients with chronic periodontitis [12]

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