Photoantimicrobial chitosan-gelatin-pomegranate peel extract films for strawberries preservation: From microbiological analysis to in vivo safety assessment

Abstract

This study aimed to investigate the application of biopolymeric materials (chitosan, gelatin, and pomegranate peel extract as photosensitizer) and antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) on the physicochemical and microbial safety of strawberries. The photosensitizer potential of the materials was confirmed by a light-dose-dependent photobleaching profile. The application of light (525 nm; 50 J cm−2) decreased by >2 log CFU mL−1 the survival of Staphylococcus aureus on the surface of the photoactive-biopolymeric films. Moreover, the materials did not present in vivo cytotoxicity using Danio rerio (Zebrafish) as well as cytophytotoxic, genotoxic, or mutagenic potentials against Allium cepa plant model, which points out their safety to be used as films without posing a risk to the humans and the environment. The photoactive-polymeric coatings were able to maintain the strawberries weight, and the association with green light was 100 % effective in delaying fungal contamination. These coated-strawberries presented a significant reduction in S. aureus survival after light application (5.47–4.34 log CFU mL−1). The molecular level analysis of the photoactive compound cyanidin-3-glucoside indicates absorption on UV–Vis consistent with aPDT action. Therefore, this study showed that the antimicrobial effects of aPDT combined with photoactive-biopolymeric coatings were enhanced, while the quality of the strawberries was maintained.