Abstract
Thermal coagulation of abnormal tissues has evolved as a therapeutic technique for different diseases including cancer. Tissue heating beyond 55 °C causes coagulation that leads to cell death. Noninvasive diagnosis of thermally coagulated tissues is pragmatic for performing efficient therapy as well as reducing damage of surrounding healthy tissues. We propose a noninvasive, elasticity-based photoacoustic spectral sensing technique for differentiating normal and coagulated tissues. Photoacoustic diagnosis is performed for quantitative differentiation of normal and coagulated excised chicken liver and muscle tissues in vitro by characterizing a dominant frequency of photoacoustic frequency spectrum. Pronounced distinction in the spectral parameter (i.e., dominant frequency) was observed due to change in tissue elastic property. We confirmed nearly two-fold increase in dominant frequencies for the coagulated muscle and liver tissues as compared to the normal ones. A density increase caused by tissue coagulation is clearly reflected in the dominant frequency composition. Experimental results were consistent over five different sample sets, delineating the potential of proposed technique to diagnose biological tissue coagulation and thus monitor thermal coagulation therapy in clinical applications.
Highlights
In the recent years, thermal therapy has gained a lot of interest among clinicians for treating abnormal tissues such as benign and malignant tumors as it can be applied to spatially targeted parts in a minimally invasive manner [1]
The PA spectral sensing technique was applied onto tissue based on elastic property of the samples
The change in the PA response is clearly reflected in the frequency spectrum as shown in significant oscillation peaks
Summary
Thermal therapy has gained a lot of interest among clinicians for treating abnormal tissues such as benign and malignant tumors as it can be applied to spatially targeted parts in a minimally invasive manner [1] This technique utilizes heating of tissues from 50 ◦ C to 80 ◦ C in order to obtain in-situ coagulation necrosis that leads to cell death [2]. It is essential to diagnose tissue coagulation and monitor thermally treated tissues to precisely assess a treated region and minimize possible damage to surrounding healthy tissues In this regard, several modalities have been explored, such as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), ultrasound imaging (US), and optical techniques such as optical coherence tomography (OCT). Ultrasound allows real-time diagnosis in Diagnostics 2020, 10, 133; doi:10.3390/diagnostics10030133 www.mdpi.com/journal/diagnostics
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