Abstract
.Breast cancer is one of the leading causes for cancer related deaths in women, and early detection is extremely important to improve survival rates. Currently, x-ray mammogram is the only modality for mass screening of asymptomatic women. However, it has decreased sensitivity in radiographically dense breasts, which is also associated with a higher risk for breast cancer. Photoacoustic (PA) imaging is an emerging modality that enables deep tissue imaging of optical contrast at ultrasonically defined spatial resolution, which is much higher than that can be achieved in purely optical imaging modalities. Because of high optical absorption from hemoglobin molecules, PA imaging can map out hemo distribution and dynamics in breast tissue and identify malignant lesions based on tumor associated angiogenesis and hypoxia. We review various PA breast imaging systems proposed over the past few years and summarize the PA features of breast cancer identified in these systems.
Highlights
1.1 Breast CancerBreast cancer is the leading cause for cancer-related deaths in women all over the world.[1]
Up to 75% of these are defined as invasive breast carcinoma, no special type (IDC-NST)
Since women with dense breasts are at an increased risk of breast cancer,[11] there is a need for alternative screening methods
Summary
Breast cancer is the leading cause for cancer-related deaths in women all over the world.[1] It occurs when cells in the breast start growing out of control due to accumulation of mutations in essential genes.[2] Various genetic and environmental factors lead to such mutations and the growth of tumor mass. Up to 75% of these are defined as invasive breast carcinoma, no special type (IDC-NST). Another type of epithelial carcinoma is called the invasive lobular carcinoma, which comprises about 5% to 15%. Other rare types, such as tubular carcinoma, invasive cribriform carcinoma, and pure mucinous carcinoma[3] constitute the rest. Sinn and Kreipe[5] discussed and reviewed these in detail
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