Abstract
Oxygen level, including blood oxygen saturation (sO2) and tissue oxygen partial pressure (pO2), are crucial physiological parameters in life science. This paper reviews the importance of these two parameters and the detection methods for them, focusing on the application of photoacoustic imaging in this scenario. sO2 is traditionally detected with optical spectra-based methods, and has recently been proven uniquely efficient by using photoacoustic methods. pO2, on the other hand, is typically detected by PET, MRI, or pure optical approaches, yet with limited spatial resolution, imaging frame rate, or penetration depth. Great potential has also been demonstrated by employing photoacoustic imaging to overcome the existing limitations of the aforementioned techniques.
Highlights
Oxygen is one of the most essential substances on the earth, ensuring normal life activities and taking part in important processes in manufacturing and chemical industry
The detection and quantification of oxygen level is critical in all these processes to have accurate control, which ensures production efficiency and product quality, and it is extremely vital in life-related scenarios as well
Oxygen levels play an essential role; tumor hypoxia has been shown to have a close relationship with the resistance of chemotherapy or radiotherapy [3]
Summary
Oxygen is one of the most essential substances on the earth, ensuring normal life activities and taking part in important processes in manufacturing and chemical industry. The redox state needs to be precisely controlled for high-quality metal removal by microorganisms [9,10] As such an important parameter in clinical situations, oxygen levels can be characterized by blood oxygen saturation (sO2 ) and oxygen partial pressure (pO2 ) in soft tissue. Photoacoustic imaging (PAI), which enables noninvasive optical contrast sensing with acoustic resolution in deep tissue, has attracted more and more attention in the past two decades [13]. As oxygen distribution in the body holds great heterogeneity, such as between arteries and veins, among tissues, cells, and even organelles, the adjustable imaging depth and resolution of a single modality can greatly facilitate understanding oxygen uptaking and metabolism in different scales and drawing a whole picture. We briefly discuss the application of photoacoustic imaging in both sO2 and pO2 detection, including the state-of-the-art as well as their potentials and limitations
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