Abstract
Wound infection extends the duration of wound healing and also causes systemic infections such as sepsis, and, in severe cases, may lead to death. Early prevention of wound infection and its appropriate treatment are important. A photoreactive modified gelatin (GE-BTHE) was synthesized by gelatin and a conjugate formed from the 3,3′,4,4′-benzophenone tetracarboxylic dianhydride (BTDA) and the 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA). Herein, we investigated the photocurable polymer solution (GE-BTHE mixture) containing GE-BTHE, poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate (PEGDA), chitosan, and methylene blue (MB), with antimicrobial functions and photodynamic antimicrobial chemotherapy for wound dressing. This photocurable polymer solution was found to have fast film-forming property attributed to the photochemical reaction between GE-BTHE and PEGDA, as well as the antibacterial activity in vitro attributed to the ingredients of chitosan and MB. Our in vivo results also demonstrated that untreated wounds after 3 days had the same scab level as the GE-BTHE mixture-treated wounds after 20 s of irradiation, which indicates that the irradiated GE-BTHE mixture can be quickly transferred into artificial scabs to protect wounds from an infection that can serve as a convenient excisional wound dressing with antibacterial efficacy. Therefore, it has the potential to treat nonhealing wounds, deep burns, diabetic ulcers and a variety of mucosal wounds.
Highlights
Wound healing is a complex process which includes five distinct phases: hemostasis, inflammation, migration, proliferation, and remodeling [1]
It has been reported that chitosan has a higher antibacterial activity, which markedly inhibits the growth of most bacteria tested
The viabilities of E. coli and S. aureus were further reduced, respectively, around 80.6% and 15.2% upon light triggering methylene blue (MB) to generate photodynamic antimicrobial chemotherapy (PACT) activity at 8 μg/mL of MB, as compared to the MB-treated bacteria without UV light-irradiation. These results indicated that both E. coli and S. aureus were sensitive to the antibacterial activity of chitosan at a concentration of 3300 μg/mL, but the PACT effect of MB was superior in E. coli than in S. aureus at the concentration higher than 4 μg/mL
Summary
Wound healing is a complex process which includes five distinct phases: hemostasis, inflammation, migration, proliferation, and remodeling [1]. Bacterial infection and wound sepsis are the major clinical problems which lead to mortality and morbidity in patients [3,4] To mitigate these problems, antimicrobial agents can be used through an adsorption of bacteria that destroys the normal function of bacterial proteins or damages the integrity of cell membranes and, may lead to bacterial growth inhibition and cell death [5,6,7,8]. For Gram-negative bacteria, chitosan of lower molecular weight (less than 5000 g/mol) penetrates into the structure of the cell wall to interfere with the cell metabolism due to cell apoptosis [29] Another strategy based on photodynamic therapy (PDT), named photodynamic antimicrobial chemotherapy (PACT), was investigated for topical antimicrobial activity [30,31]. UV-curing was performed using a UV light (~300 nm) and a laser to irradiate samples
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