Abstract
Progression of mitosis and cytokinesis depends on the reorganization of cytoskeleton, with microtubules driving the segregation of chromosomes and their partitioning to two daughter cells. In dividing plant cells, microtubules undergo global reorganization throughout mitosis and cytokinesis, and with the aid of various microtubule-associated proteins (MAPs), they form unique systems such as the preprophase band (PPB), the acentrosomal mitotic spindle, and the phragmoplast. Such proteins include nucleators of de novo microtubule formation, plus end binding proteins involved in the regulation of microtubule dynamics, crosslinking proteins underlying microtubule bundle formation and members of the kinesin superfamily with microtubule-dependent motor activities. The coordinated function of such proteins not only drives the continuous remodeling of microtubules during mitosis and cytokinesis but also assists the positioning of the PPB, the mitotic spindle, and the phragmoplast, affecting tissue patterning by controlling cell division plane (CDP) orientation. The affinity and the function of such proteins is variably regulated by reversible phosphorylation of serine and threonine residues within the microtubule binding domain through a number of protein kinases and phosphatases which are differentially involved throughout cell division. The purpose of the present review is to provide an overview of the function of protein kinases and protein phosphatases involved in cell division regulation and to identify cytoskeletal substrates relevant to the progression of mitosis and cytokinesis and the regulation of CDP orientation.
Highlights
Owing to their sedentary life style and their encasement within the barriers of rigid cell walls, plant cells adopted unique mechanisms for regulating fundamental eukaryotic processes such as cell division and cell division plane (CDP) orientation establishment
CDP orientation is marked by a plant-specific cortical microtubule ring, the preprophase band (PPB; Pickett-Heaps and Northcote, 1966) which determines spindle positioning (Schaefer et al, 2017) and coincides with the plane of cell plate deposition during cytokinesis
The plant mitotic spindle starts to assemble before nuclear envelope breakdown and in contrast to the mammalian or yeast spindle, and it forms in the absence of microtubule organizing center
Summary
Owing to their sedentary life style and their encasement within the barriers of rigid cell walls, plant cells adopted unique mechanisms for regulating fundamental eukaryotic processes such as cell division and cell division plane (CDP) orientation establishment (reviewed in Buschmann and Zachgo, 2016). Many of such proteins exhibit a cell cycle dependent localization to mitotic and FIGURE 1 | MAPs, kinases, and phosphatases regulating mitotic MT structures. Cytokinetic microtubule systems (Figure 1), and at large this is differentially regulated by protein kinases and phosphatases which become activated/deactivated in a similar cell cycle dependent manner.
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