Abstract
The world demand for phosphate has gradually increased over the last decades, currently achieving alarming levels considering available rock reserves. The use of soil microorganisms, such as arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF), has been suggested as a promising alternative to improve phosphorus-use efficiency. However, the effect of the source of phosphorus on the interactions within the soil microbial community remains unclear. Here, we evaluated the links between the total dry matter content of sugarcane and the interactions within the soil microbial community under different phosphate sources, with/without AMF inoculation. The phosphate sources were Simple Superphosphate (SS, 18% of P2O5), Catalão rock phosphate (CA, 2.93% of P2O5) and Bayovar rock phosphate (BA, 14% of P2O5). The results indicated that the BA source led to the largest total dry matter content. The phosphate source affected total dry matter and the structure of the soil microbial communities. The bacterial interactions increased across sources with high percentage of P2O5, while the fungal interactions decreased. The interactions between bacterial and fungal microorganisms allowed to identify the percentage of P2O5 resulting in the highest total sugarcane dry matter. Our findings suggested the soil microbial interactions as a potential microbial indicator helping to improve the agricultural management.
Highlights
The growth and the production of agricultural crops are mostly related and limited by the presence and available forms of nutrients in the soil[1]
The total dry matter of sugarcane was substantially affected by the phosphate sources (Fig. 1)
Soltangheisi et al.[30] observed that the use of rock phosphate increased the proportion of accumulated inorganic P in the soil, which was higher than the P proportion obtained by the use of SS fertilizer
Summary
The growth and the production of agricultural crops are mostly related and limited by the presence and available forms of nutrients in the soil[1]. The demand for phosphate, for example, has reached 2 million tons over the last three years[3] Given this situation, there is a need for a more efficient use of nutrients such as nitrogen[4], potassium[5] and, especially, phosphorus[6] while reducing the environmental impacts[7]. Mycorrhizal fungi are described as a crucial microbial group in soil systems, presenting mutualistic association with plants[11]. Streitwolf-engel et al.[18] observed that arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) can increase phosphorus uptake, and plant biodiversity This suggests AMF may be a major contributor to plant productivity and variability. The comprehension of soil microbial interactions, especially those between bacterial and mycorrhizal fungal communities, is considered essential to develop sustainable crop production systems[21,22]. Menezes et al.[23] addressed the importance of soil microbial interaction studies, suggesting experiments with different soil managements to determine the role of fungal-bacterial interactive
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