Abstract
The aim of this study was to examine the physico-chemical and phase characteristics of ash obtained in the process of the combustion of Polish poultry manure in a laboratory reactor with a bubbling fluidized bed. Three experiments, differing in the grain size and morphology of the raw material, the method of its dosing and the type of fluidized bed, were carried out. The contents of the main chemical components and trace elements in the obtained ash samples were determined using WDXRF, and the phase composition was examined through the XRD method. The morphology and the chemical composition of grains in a given micro-area using the SEM/EDS method were also investigated. The highest concentration of phosphorus (from 28.07% wt. to 29.71% wt. as P2O5 equivalent), the highest proportion of amorphous substance (from 56.7% wt. to 59.0% wt.) and the lowest content of unburned organic substance (LOI from 6.42% to 9.16%) (i.e., the best process efficiency), was obtained for the experiment in which the starting bed was quartz sand and poultry manure was fed to the reactor in the form of pellets. It has been calculated that in this case, the amorphous phase contains more than half of the phosphorus. The method of carrying out the combustion process has a significant impact on the phase composition and, consequently, on the availability of phosphorus.
Highlights
IntroductionThe production and consumption of poultry (e.g., mainly broiler chickens, egg-laying hens, turkey) meat and eggs are constantly growing in Europe, and Poland is one of the leading producers of these goods
The production and consumption of poultry meat and eggs are constantly growing in Europe, and Poland is one of the leading producers of these goods
There are a few possibilities for the effective management of poultry manure, among which the following should be mentioned: its use for fertilization in agriculture, for the reclamation of soil–which is lacking in organic matter, for energy generation, or as a fodder additive for other groups of animals, e.g., beef cattle or fish
Summary
The production and consumption of poultry (e.g., mainly broiler chickens, egg-laying hens, turkey) meat and eggs are constantly growing in Europe, and Poland is one of the leading producers of these goods. It should be emphasized that in the years 2000–2019, there was a significant increase in the production of chicken in Poland, from 48.2 million to 178.3 million [2,3] This trend, which has been maintained in recent years, indicates that the share of chicken in the total poultry production is more than 90%. Assuming that the amount of manure from one bird is approximately 100 g/day [4], it is estimated that approximately 6.5 million tonnes of fresh chicken manure is produced per year. Such a large mass of waste could represent a threat to the environment and requires appropriate technical and legal actions. There are a few possibilities for the effective management of poultry manure, among which the following should be mentioned: its use for fertilization in agriculture, for the reclamation of soil–which is lacking in organic matter, for energy generation, or as a fodder additive for other groups of animals, e.g., beef cattle or fish (this method is not allowed in Poland)
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