Abstract
The development of polymer and polymer additives from renewable biosources is becoming increasingly prominent. This reflects increasing concerns about sustainability, environmental quality, and human health. Bioproducts produced in nature are generally inexpensive and benign in the environment. Moreover, degradation of derivatives does not yield toxic products. Gallic acid (3,4,5-trihydroxybenzoic acid) is found widely in nature and has long been touted for its medicinal qualities. 3,5-Dihydroxybenzoic acid is also produced by several plants, most notably buckwheat. Both compounds, as the anilide and methyl ester, respectively, have been converted to a series of phosphorus esters, both phosphonate and phosphate. Esters have been fully characterized using spectroscopic and thermal methods. These compounds display good flame retardancy at low loadings in DGEBA epoxy resin.
Highlights
There is an increasing reliance on natural biosources as precursors to polymers and polymer additives [1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11]. This is the case for plasticizers [12,13,14] and flame retardants [15,16,17]. These developments are driven by an increasing concern for sustainability, environmental quality, and human health
Phosphorus flame retardants derived from renewable biomolecules are attractive [17]
The hydroxyls may be converted to a range of phosphorus esters using the well-known Atherton-Todd procedure [43]
Summary
There is an increasing reliance on natural biosources as precursors to polymers and polymer additives [1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11]. Organohalogen compounds, brominated aromatics, have been widely used as effective flame retardants [18] These compounds often migrate from the polymer matrix into which they have been incorporated. To reduce the propensity for migration from the polymer matrix, oligomeric flame retardants containing brominated units have been developed [23, 24] These materials can function as effective flame retardants both in the presence and in the absence of an antimony oxide promoter. They suffer from the perception that halogens are undesirable established by the behavior of lower molecular weight counterparts These smaller compounds continue to face increasing regulatory pressure and legislative restriction [25,26,27].
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