Abstract
Background: Insulin resistance (IR) is a condition in which the physiological amount of insulin is insufficient to evoke a proper response of the cell, that is, glucose utilization. Metformin is the first choice for therapy, thanks to its glycemic efficacy and general tolerability. In addition, various natural compounds from plant extracts, spices, and essential oils have been shown to provide health benefits regarding insulin sensitivity. In the present study, we analyzed the effect of phospholipid derivatives of selected natural aromatic acids on insulin action and their potential use to overcome insulin resistance. Methods: The 3T3-L1 fibroblasts were differentiated into mature adipocytes; next, insulin resistance was induced by palmitic acid (16:0). Cells were further cultured with phenophospholipids at appropriate concentrations. To assess insulin sensitivity, we measured the insulin-stimulated glucose uptake, using a glucose uptake test. Results: We showed that cinnamic acid (CA) and 3-methoxycinnamic acid (3-OMe-CA) restored the proper insulin response. However, 1,2-dicinnamoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (1,2-diCA-PC) and 1-cinnamoyl-2-palmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (1-CA-2-PA-PC) improved insulin sensitivity in insulin-resistant adipocytes even stronger, exhibiting more beneficial effects. Conclusions: The binding of aromatic acids to phosphatidylcholine increases their beneficial effect on insulin sensitivity in adipocytes and expands their potential practical application as nutraceutical health-promoting agents.
Highlights
Insulin resistance (IR) is the condition in which the physiological amount of insulin is not sufficient to evoke a proper response of the cell, that is, glucose utilization [1].For that reason, glucose utilization is delayed
Since our previous studies afforded us to discuss mainly the aspect of phenolic acids and the impact of their phospholipid derivatives on insulin secretion from pancreatic β-cells, here, we present the effect of phospholipid derivatives of anisic (ANISA), cinnamic (CA), and 3-methoxycinnamic (3-OMe-cinnamic acid (CA)) acids (Figure 1) on insulin action and their potential usage in overcoming insulin resistance, as exemplified by the murine adipocyte cell line
Regarding 1,2-diCA-PC, we observed a significant increase in the insulin-stimulated glucose uptake in insulin-resistant adipocytes
Summary
Insulin resistance (IR) is the condition in which the physiological amount of insulin is not sufficient to evoke a proper response of the cell, that is, glucose utilization [1].For that reason, glucose utilization is delayed. Increased glucose level further stimulates the insulin secretion from pancreatic β-cells, resulting in peripheral hyperinsulinemia. Both hyperglycemia and hyperinsulinemia are conditions leading to the development of type 2 diabetes [2]. Insulin resistance and other metabolic disorders known as metabolic syndrome constitute a significant health problem all over the world, affecting both adults and children, mainly in highly developed countries. They are rapidly growing problems in mediumurbanized and economically developing countries [3,4,5,6]. There are slight differences in the number of diagnosed cases depending on the country, metabolic disorders are still a significant health problem and, an economic problem as well
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