Phosphate Sorption onto Structured Soil

Hermin Saki,Bernd Lennartz,Haojie Liu

doi:10.3390/soilsystems4020021

Abstract

Soil–phosphorus interactions are frequently studied employing the slurry technique, in which soil samples are intensively mixed with phosphate solutions of various concentrations. The result of such experiments is a “phosphate sorption potential” because the thorough mixing of soil and phosphate solution as obtained by overhead or horizontal shaking of the slurry would probably not occur under natural conditions, especially if the soil is structured. Here, we wanted to test the impact of soil structure on phosphorus (P) removal from aqueous solution. Soil aggregates of a defined size class were prepared by carefully sieving the soil. The soil aggregates were individually wrapped in an inert fabric and placed on a sieve, which was lowered into a basin containing a phosphate solution of a given concentration. The decrease of the phosphate solution concentration with time was registered at fixed intervals, and adsorbed amounts were quantified by differences between initial concentrations and concentrations at the time of sampling. Pre-tests on fine earth revealed that sorption was more pronounced in the classical slurry batch experiment than in the approach used in this study. Differences between methods were more pronounced at lower initial phosphate concentrations. The increase in P sorption in the classical batch experiment continued over 24 h to 140 mg kg−1, while the adsorbed P amount remained constant (64 mg kg−1) after 6 h in the diffusion experiment. Interestingly, it was observed that the sorption onto soil aggregates was elevated as compared to unstructured fine earth. The sorption capacity of aggregates was approximately one third higher than that of the fine earth samples according to optimized Freundlich adsorption coefficients. This was unexpected since it was assumed that the soil surface area available for sorption processes is greater or at least far more accessible if the unstructured fine earth is exposed to the phosphate solution. We conclude that if the inner pore space of soil aggregates is readily accessible and diffusion is not hindered, the overall retention capacity of intact aggregates might be higher than that of the disturbed soil because the intra-aggregate pore space can accommodate a certain fraction of phosphate in addition to the adsorbed amount at particle surfaces. The presented experimental approach allows for studying sorption processes in well-structured and fine earth in conditions that perform better compared to the natural situation. Additional testing of the method for different soil types is advisable.

Highlights

The process of phosphate sorption onto soils is of significant relevance, because phosphorus (P) is an essential plant nutrient driving growth and causes environmental problems if released in higher concentrations to water resources [1,2,3]
While a solid body of literature is available on how soil chemical properties and various soil constituents affect the sorption of phosphate, little is known as to what extent soil physical characteristics, in particular, soil structure, influence the sorption process [9]
We wanted to test how the thorough shaking of a sample, as it is performed in the classical slurry batch approach, impacts the sorption process in comparison to an equilibration by diffusion

Summary

Introduction

The process of phosphate sorption onto soils is of significant relevance, because phosphorus (P) is an essential plant nutrient driving growth and causes environmental problems if released in higher concentrations to water resources [1,2,3]. The sorption process of phosphate onto soil depends on physical and chemical soil characteristics including clay, organic matter and Al- and Fe-oxides content, soil moisture, pH, and on the redox conditions at which the sorption process. While a solid body of literature is available on how soil chemical properties and various soil constituents affect the sorption of phosphate, little is known as to what extent soil physical characteristics, in particular, soil structure, influence the sorption process [9]. Soil aggregates are formed in soil by the arrangement and organization of soil particles, and the tendency of individual soil units, including clay minerals and organic substances, to bind together [10]. The formation of soil peds results in an intra- and inter-aggregate pore space, with an according fractionation of flow pathways for water, gases, and solutes [11,12]. Soil aggregates differ from the fine earth with respect to density, and they are more tortuous because of the dominance of finer pores [13]

Objectives

Methods

Results