Abstract
Soil is an ecosystem that plays a fundamental role in the availability of plant nutrients and contains a diverse array of beneficial microorganisms which can play a key role in soil fertility enhancement. Soil fertility management strategies for improving plant nutrients and crop productivity include the use of application of composts, vermicomposts and manures, and application of biofertilizer or microbial inoculants. The application of efficient phosphate-solubilizing microbial inoculants in agriculture opens up new insight for future crop productivity besides sustaining soil health. Development in the use of phosphate solublizing bio-inoculants are one of the recently promising options for meeting agricultural challenges imposed by the still growing demand for food. In this regard this review will show that phosphate-solubilizing microbes (PSMs) have tremendous potential as bio-fertilizers. Bio-fetilizer technologies can contribute to efficient utilization of limited resource of phosphorus fertilizers under low-input farming systems and guarantee the environment for livelihood. To strengthen the application of phosphate solublizing bio-inoculants, there is a need to know and understand the methods for their isolation and characterization of phosphate-solubilizing microorganisms and the mechanisms they used to solublize phosphate to make it available for plant nutrition. At the same time there is a need to understand various sources of bio-inoculants used for the primary isolation and characterization of indigenous phosphate solublizers which will be focused in this review. This review will also provide a broad spectrum for the various mechanisms of phosphate solublization and its impact in sustainable agriculture.
Highlights
Sustainable agriculture is the production of sustainable food systems considering the social, ecological and economic dimensions of agricultural practices with less environmental shock that has social profit in the short and long term [1]
The continuous use of chemical fertilizers may not be considered as sustainable given that soils may decline in the soil biodiversity, topsoil become acidic because of nitrogenous fertilizer application that lowers the pH of the soil and having unsteady aggregates leading to erosion that direct towards loss of soil fertility and this may leads to yield decline with time in spite of consistent use of chemical fertilizers [2]
During qualitative analysis the bacterial characteristic is usually tested in an agar plate medium with precipitated tricalcium phosphate, National Botanical Research Institute phosphate growth (NBRIP), FePO4, and AlPO4 or rock phosphate which is clarified by the acid released from the bacterial colony and the efficiency of the solublizers is measured by measuring the P-Solubilization Index [67]
Summary
Sustainable agriculture is the production of sustainable food systems considering the social, ecological and economic dimensions of agricultural practices with less environmental shock that has social profit in the short and long term [1]. Keeping substantial soil properties for plant growth and environmental effectiveness necessitates the input of affordable and cheap organic fertilizers and bio-inoculants used as bio-fertilizers for resourceful exploitation of nutrients by plants This will reduce the environmental impact of chemical fertilizers with an estimated annual consumption of 15 million tons of Urea, worldwide in 2011, which could resulted in soil acidity, damage to soil bio-diversity and in turn reduction in produce, according to the food and agriculture organization of the United Nations. The bioavailability of both organic and inorganic phosphate is dependent on the well established phosphate solubilizing microbes in the vicinity of the plant rhizosphere which in turn, the acidity of the soil suppresses the microbial population in the soil [2] It is the role of phosphate solubilizing microorganisms to convert the insoluble phosphate into soluble forms by acidification, chelation and exchange reactionreqaaq1 [11]. The overall objectives of these literature reviews were to assess the current trends of organic fertilizers, P-solubilizing bio-inoculants and mechanisms to make p nutrient available for plant diet
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