Abstract
The genus Phlebovirus of the family Bunyaviridae contains a number of emerging virus species which pose a threat to both human and animal health. Most prominent members include Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV), sandfly fever Naples virus (SFNV), sandfly fever Sicilian virus (SFSV), Toscana virus (TOSV), Punta Toro virus (PTV), and the two new members severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome virus (SFTSV) and Heartland virus (HRTV). The nonstructural protein NSs is well established as the main phleboviral virulence factor in the mammalian host. NSs acts as antagonist of the antiviral type I interferon (IFN) system. Recent progress in the elucidation of the molecular functions of a growing list of NSs proteins highlights the astonishing variety of strategies employed by phleboviruses to evade the IFN system.
Highlights
The family Bunyaviridae contains five genera, among which the Orthobunyavirus, Phlebovirus, Nairovirus, and Hantavirus all contain species that are pathogenic to humans and animals, while the genus Tospovirus contains plant-infecting viruses [1]
According to the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV), the genus Phlebovirus comprises more than 70 accepted members that are grouped into ten species complexes, namely Bujaru virus (BUJV), Candiru virus (CDUV), Chilibre virus (CHIV), Frijoles virus (FRIV), Punta Toro virus (PTV), Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV), Salehabad virus (SALV), sandfly fever Naples virus (SFNV), severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome virus (SFTSV), and Uukuniemi virus (UUKV), as well as unassigned viruses [2]
Phleboviruses are emerging arboviruses, causing human diseases ranging from mild febrile illness to severe cases of hemorrhagic fever or multiple organ dysfunction and death
Summary
The family Bunyaviridae contains five genera, among which the Orthobunyavirus, Phlebovirus, Nairovirus, and Hantavirus all contain species that are pathogenic to humans and animals, while the genus Tospovirus contains plant-infecting viruses [1]. Phleboviruses can cause a wide spectrum of symptoms, ranging from mild febrile disease up to hemorrhagic fever and death [22,23]. Fever Sicilian virus (SFSV) and SFNV were isolated from foreign soldiers stationed in Italy during 1943 and 1944. America have been isolated from febrile soldiers or patients, such as PTV, Chagres virus (CHGV), and Alenquer virus (ALEV) [17,29,30]. Despite their obvious capacity for causing human and veterinary disease, as well as potential associated economic losses, only few phleboviruses are adequately characterized in terms of their interaction with the mammalian host organism. We will attempt to provide an overview spanning both the current knowledge about the activation of the type I interferon (IFN) system by phleboviruses, as well as the broadening spectrum of their IFN-antagonistic strategies
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