Phenotypic Diversity and Association Mapping of Ascorbic Acid Content in Spinach.

Dario Rueda,Kranthi K Mandadi,Carlos A Avila,Henry O Awika,Kevin Crosby,Renesh Bedre,Devi R Kandel

doi:10.3389/fgene.2021.752313

Dario Rueda, Kranthi K Mandadi + Show 5 more

Open Access

https://doi.org/10.3389/fgene.2021.752313

Copy DOI

Abstract

Ascorbic acid (AsA), or vitamin C, is an essential nutrient for humans. In plants, AsA functions as an antioxidant during normal metabolism or in response to stress. Spinach is a highly nutritious green leafy vegetable that is consumed fresh, cooked or as a part of other dishes. One current goal in spinach breeding programs is to enhance quality and nutritional content. However, little is known about the diversity of nutritional content present in spinach germplasm, especially for AsA content. In this study, a worldwide panel of 352 accessions was screened for AsA content showing that variability in spinach germplasm is high and could be utilized for cultivar improvement. In addition, a genome-wide association study for marker-trait association was performed using three models, and associated markers were searched in the genome for functional annotation analysis. The generalized linear model (GLM), the compressed mixed linear model (CMLM) based on population parameters previously determined (P3D) and the perMarker model together identified a total of 490 significant markers distributed across all six spinach chromosomes indicating the complex inheritance of the trait. The different association models identified unique and overlapping marker sets, where 27 markers were identified by all three models. Identified high AsA content accessions can be used as parental lines for trait introgression and to create segregating populations for further genetic analysis. Bioinformatic analysis indicated that identified markers can differentiate between high and low AsA content accessions and that, upon validation, these markers should be useful for breeding programs.

Highlights

Vegetable consumption has significantly increased over the last 20 years (FAOSTAT, 2021), due in part to rising consumer interest in their nutritional properties (Wagner et al, 2016; Blekkenhorst et al, 2018)
This study evaluated Ascorbic acid (AsA) content in a collection of 352 spinach accessions obtained from the USDA-NPGS representing a crosssection of spinach genetic diversity
Foliar measurements at the vegetative 2 (V2) developmental stage ranged from 1.5-8 μmol/g fresh weight (FW) in various accessions (Lisko et al, 2013a)

Summary

Introduction

Vegetable consumption has significantly increased over the last 20 years (FAOSTAT, 2021), due in part to rising consumer interest in their nutritional properties (Wagner et al, 2016; Blekkenhorst et al, 2018). One current goal in spinach breeding programs is to increase crop productivity by improving disease resistance and environmental stress tolerance while enhancing quality and nutritional content. It is clear that spinach disseminated towards China and Europe, the specific routes for this migration are still unclear (Morelock and Correll, 2008; Ribera et al, 2020). It is consumed fresh (Klockow and Keener, 2009), cooked, or as part of other dishes (Morelock and Correll, 2008; Kandel et al, 2019). Spinach consumption can be beneficial to humans due to its high nutritional content. Optimizing nutrient concentrations together with consumer-preferred texture, color, and taste will further promote spinach and leafy green consumption

Objectives

Methods

Results

Conclusion