Phenotypic Detection of Extended Spectrum β-Lactamase and Metallo-β-Lactamase Produced by &lt;i&gt;Escherichia Coli&lt;/i&gt; on Automated Teller Machines within Sokoto Metropolis, Nigeria

Ao Omole,As Shuaibu,M Jodi Saadutu,Ia Ogunyinka,Hy Ungokore,T Nuhu,A Olowookere

doi:10.4314/jasem.v23i1.15

Abstract

It is no longer a fallacy that environmental objects are grossly contaminated by pathogenic microbes. ATMs especially which is used on daily basis by thousands of people have been reported to be potential habitat for these microbes. The worst-case scenario is the presence and ease of spread of Muti-Drug Resistant (MDR) and Extended Spectrum Beta Lactamase (ESBL) producing pathogens via these machines as a result of their huge patronage. The prevalence and fast spread of these MDR and ESBL producing strains constitute an emerging public health concern. This study was conducted to determine the prevalence of ESBL and MBL producing E. coli isolated on ATMs within Sokoto metropolis. A total of 194 isolates were obtained from the culture samples of 100 ATM swabs. The isolated E. coli were subjected to antimicrobial susceptibility tests using the modified Kirby Baeur disc diffusion method on six (6) commercial antimicrobial discs (Oxoid, UK): Ceftazidime (CTZ, 30μg), Cefotaxime (CTX, 30μg), Gentamycin (CN, 10μg), Augumentin(AMC, 30μg), Ciprofloxacin(CIP, 5μg) and Imipenem(IPM, 10μg). The isolates were further screened for ESBL production and phenotypic confirmatory test. Confirmation of MBL production was also performed using antibiotic discs containing two Carbapenems (Imipenem IPM, 10μg and Meropenem MEM, 10μg). The result was interpreted using CLSI guideline 2015. Proteus spp (43%) were the most frequently isolated bacteria, followed by Shigella spp (31%) and E. coli 31(16%). Drug Resistant (MDR) ESBL producing E. coli of 93.3% and 4% MBL producer was recorded. It can be concluded that MDR and ESBL producing Escherichia coli (E. coli) are the most prevalent species isolated and that the species isolated are more sensitive to Gentamycin, Ciprofloxacin and Imipenem. Keywords : ESBL, MDR, ATM and Susceptibility

Highlights

The Automated Teller Machines (ATMs) as fondly referred to is a product of the 20th century technological invention (Ramesh, 2015) which is used by clients of a financial institution to carry out financial services without the need for a Bank teller, Cashier or Human clerk (Ramesh, 2015)
Many ATM users are unaware of the presence of these pathogenic bacteria which is capable of spreading different contagious diseases on touch screens and key pads (Arulazhagan, 2015)
The more worrisome situation is the possibility of existence and easy spread of Multi Drug Resistant (MDR) and Extended Spectrum Beta Lactamase (ESBL) producing strains of these pathogens on these ATMs

Summary

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Study Area: Sokoto metropolis is the capital city of Sokoto State, located in the northwestern part of Nigeria. The inhibition zone diameter around the discs were measured and interpreted according to CLSI guideline 2015 interpretation after 24 hours incubation of the plates at 37o C. Confirmation of ESBL phenotype was performed by Double Disc Synergy Test (DDST) using antibiotic discs containing two 3rd generation Cephalosporin (CTZ, 30μg and CTX, 30μg) and Augumentin (AMC, 30μg). The plates were incubated at 370c for 24 hours after which they were examined for an extension of the edge of zone of inhibition of antibiotic disc towards the AMC. Enhancement of zone of inhibition of either or both the CTZ and CTX towards the AMC disc is indicative of ESBL production. Phenotypic Detection of MBL: Confirmation of MBL was performed using antibiotic discs containing two Carbapenems (Imipenem IPM, 10μg and Meropenem MEM, 10μg). Descriptive analysis was carried out by calculating frequencies and percentages

RESULTSAND DISCUSSION

Findings

Conclusion