Abstract
BackgroundFoods with animal origins and particularly milk play a considerable role in transmission of Helicobacter pylori. The current study was performed to assess phenotypic characters of antibiotic resistance and genotyping pattern of vacA, cagA, iceA, oipA and babA2 alleles amongst the H. pylori strains isolated from raw milk.MethodsSix-hundred and thirty raw milk samples were collected and cultured on Wilkins Chalgren anaerobe media. Antibiotic resistance and genotyping patterns were studied using disk diffusion and PCR, respectively.ResultsSixty-seven out of 630 (10.63%) raw milk samples were positive for H. pylori. Ovine raw milk (17.27%) samples had the highest prevalence of H. pylori, while camel (5.00%) had the lowest. H. pylori strains harbored the highest prevalence of resistance against ampicillin (82.08%), tetracycline (76.11%), amoxicillin (74.62%), metronidazole (65.67%) and erythromycin (53.73%). Prevalence of resistance against more than 10 types of antibiotics was 17.91%. VacA s1a (83.58%), m1a (80.59%), s2 (77.61%) and m2 (68.65%), cagA (73.13%) and babA2 (44.77%) were the most commonly detected genotypes. We found that S1am1a (56.71%), s2m1a (56.71%), s1 am2 (43.28%) and s2 m2 (43.28%) were the most commonly detected genotyping pattern. Frequency of cagA-, oipA- and babA2- genotypes were 26.86%, 62.68% and 55.22%, respectively. We found that S1a/cagA+/iceA1/oipA−/babA2- (28.35%), m1a/cagA+/iceA1/oipA−/babA2- (28.35%) and s2/cagA+/iceA1/oipA−/babA2- (26.86%) were the most commonly detected combined genotyping pattern.ConclusionsSimultaneous presence of vacA, cagA, iceA, oipA and babA2 genotypes in antibiotic resistant H. pylori strains indicates important public health issue regarding the consumption of raw milk. However, additional researches are required to find molecular genetic homology and other epidemiological aspects of H. pylori in milk.
Highlights
Foods with animal origins and milk play a considerable role in transmission of Helicobacter pylori
We found that S1a/Cytotoxin Associated Gene A (cagA)+/iceA1/oipA−/babA2(28.35%), m1a/cagA+/iceA1/oipA−/babA2- (28.35%) and s2/cagA+/iceA1/oipA−/babA2- (26.86%) were the most commonly detected combined genotyping pattern
Simultaneous presence of Vacuolating Cytotoxin A (vacA), cagA, Induced by contact with the epithelium antigen (iceA), oipA and babA2 genotypes in antibiotic resistant H. pylori strains indicates important public health issue regarding the consumption of raw milk
Summary
Foods with animal origins and milk play a considerable role in transmission of Helicobacter pylori. Induced by contact with the epithelium antigen (iceA), outer inflammatory protein (oip) and blood group antigen-binding adhesin gene (babA) are other important pathogenic genotypes of the H. pylori strains [7,8,9,10,11]. Genotyping using these virulence markers is considered as one of the best approaches to study the correlations between H. pylori isolates from different samples [11]
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