Abstract
BackgroundRamet propagation in strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa) is the most effective way in production. However, the lack of systematically phenotypic observations and high-throughput methods limits our ability to analyze the key factors regulating the heterogeneity in strawberry stolon buds.ResultsFrom observation, we found that the axillary bud located in the first node quickly stepped into dormancy (DSB), after several bract and leaf buds were differentiated. The stolon apical meristem (SAM) degenerated as the new ramet leaf buds (RLB), and the new active axillary stolon buds (ASB) differentiated continually after the differentiation of the first leaf. Using the tandem mass tags (TMT) labeling method, a total of 7271 strawberry proteins were identified. Between ASB and DSB, the spliceosome DEPs, such as Ser/Arg-rich (SR) and heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein particle (hnRNP), showed the highest enrichment and high PPI connectivity. This indicated that the differences in DEPs (e.g., SF-3A and PK) at the transcriptional level may be causing the differences between the physiological statuses of ASB and DSB. As expected, the photosynthetic pre-form RLB mainly differentiated from ASB and DSB judging by the DEP enrichment of photosynthesis. However, there are still other specialized features of DEPs between RLB and DSB and between ASB and DSB. The DEPs relative to DNA duplication [e.g., minichromosome maintenance protein (MCM 2, 3, 4, 7)], provide a strong hint of functional gene duplication leading the bud heterogeneity between RLB and DSB. In addition, the top fold change DEP of LSH 10-like might be involved in the degeneration of SAM into RLBs, based on its significant function in modulating the plant shoot initiation. As for RLB/ASB, the phenylpropanoid biosynthesis pathway probably regulates the ramet axillary bud specialization, and further promotes the differentiation of xylem when ASB develops into a new stolon [e.g., cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase 1 (CAD1) and phenylalanine ammonia-lyase 1 (PAL1)].ConclusionsBy using phenotypic observation combined with proteomic networks with different types of strawberry stolon buds, the definite dormancy phase of DSB was identified, and the biological pathways and gene networks that might be responsible for heterogeneity among different stolon buds in strawberry were also revealed.
Highlights
Ramet propagation in strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa) is the most effective way in production
By using phenotypic observation combined with proteomic networks with different types of strawberry stolon buds, the definite dormancy phase of dormancy shoot bud (DSB) was identified, and the biological pathways and gene networks that might be responsible for heterogeneity among different stolon buds in strawberry were revealed
Results of quantifying the movement of resources and their allocation between mother plants and daughter ramets along Fragaria stolons with respect to hierarchy, the results showed that the stolon anatomy develops rapidly at the apical end, facilitating hierarchical ramet development, which is evident as a basipetal increase in hydraulic conductivities
Summary
Ramet propagation in strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa) is the most effective way in production. The process of ramet formation by the second node of a strawberry stolon can be summarized as follows: the second node degenerates into the first leaf of a future ramet and is enclosed by its bracts These degenerated apices will forming the compressed stems with short internodes that are called the crown [10]. Upon the completion of the rooting process, the lateral bud on the second node begins to elongate to form a new stolon. This newly formed stolon is not a continuous part of the mother plant, but rather a lateral bud located on the first plantlet’s axil. The second or third ramets are sequentially formed under favorable environmental conditions [3]
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