Phenomenological consequences of enhanced bulk viscosity near the QCD critical point

Abstract

In the proximity of the QCD critical point the bulk viscosity of quark-gluon matter is expected to be proportional to nearly the third power of the critical correlation length, and become significantly enhanced. This work is the first attempt to study the phenomenological consequences of enhanced bulk viscosity near the QCD critical point. For this purpose, we implement the expected critical behavior of the bulk viscosity within a non-boost-invariant, longitudinally expanding $1+1$ dimensional causal relativistic hydrodynamical evolution at non-zero baryon density. We demonstrate that the critically-enhanced bulk viscosity induces a substantial non-equilibrium pressure, effectively softening the equation of state, and leads to sizable effects in the flow velocity and single particle distributions at the freeze-out. The observable effects that may arise due to the enhanced bulk viscosity in the vicinity of the QCD critical point can be used as complimentary information to facilitate searches for the QCD critical point.