Phenology and grape ripening characteristics of cv Tempranillo within the Ribera del Duero designation of origin (Spain): Influence of soil and plot characteristics

Abstract

The aim of this research was to evaluate the variability of phenology and ripening characteristics of the Tempranillo variety within the Ribera del Duero Designation of Origin (Spain). This area covers approximately 115km along the Duero River, where Tempranillo is the main variety cultivated. The analysis included the information recorded during the period 2004–2013 in 20 plots for phenology dates and 26 plots for grape characteristics. The variability in soil, phenology, grape quality and plot characteristics throughout the Ribera del Duero DO as well as their relationships were evaluated using multivariate analysis. Four different groups of plots were characterized as distinct from each other, with differences in elevation, distance to the Duero River and soil type. The differences in phenology among groups started during flowering and were observed through the end of the growth cycle. Despite the high phenological variability driven by year to year variations in climate characteristics, it was possible to define the soil and plot characteristics that favor advanced phenology within the Ribera del Duero DO. Regarding grape ripening characteristics, the highest acidity and anthocyanin concentrations were found in plots with soils with higher clay and organic matter content. The effect was greater in the wet and intermediate years, than in dry years. High variability in phenology and ripening characteristics is found within the Ribera del Duero related to site soil and landscape characteristics, and from year to year due to climatic conditions. Zones with common characteristics and similar response have been identified within the area. The results highlight the potential of establishing viticultural zones with differences in vineyard treatment and management and the elaboration of site specific wine styles from those zones.