Abstract
Background Cyphomandra betacea (C. betacea) belongs to the Solanaceae family. This study was aimed to evaluate the anti-proliferative of C.betacea crude extract against selected cancer cell lines (breast and liver cancer) and to identify the polyphenolics profile (phenolic acids and flavonoids) of C. betacea fruits. Anti-proliferative effect of the extracts was examined using MTT (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide) assay, followed by cell morphology analysis using acridine orange and propidium iodide double staining.ResultsThe phenolics profile was characterized using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). C. betacea extract showed a high cytotoxic effect against liver and breast cancer cell lines with the IC50 value of 30 and 80 µg/ml, respectively. Phenolics profiling showed that C. betacea extract has a wide variety of polyphenolic compounds which are the responsible substances underlying the cytotoxic activity. The microscopic examination analysed by acridine orange and propidium iodide double staining showed that viable cells of the liver and breast cells were well rounded, large and intact green nuclei compared with the treated cells that characterized by apoptotic features (shrunken nuclei with a less quantity of cytoplasm).ConclusionThe present study demonstrated that the anti-proliferative properties of C. betacea fruits were partially attributed to the rich phenolics content. It supports the hypothesis that C. betacea fruits have potential as an effective agent in cancer therapy.
Highlights
Cyphomandra betacea (C. betacea) belongs to the Solanaceae family
Cytotoxicity activity The cytotoxic behaviour of C. betacea fruits were tested in two different human cancer cell lines: liver (HepG2) and mammary gland (MDA-MB-231) adenocarcinoma
The endpoint criteria for antiproliferative activity was selected according to the cytotoxic activity of concentration to inhibit cellular proliferation by 50% (IC50) values that should be below 100 μg/ ml for crude extracts and less than 25 μM for pure compounds (Cos et al 2006)
Summary
This study was aimed to evaluate the anti-proliferative of C.betacea crude extract against selected cancer cell lines (breast and liver cancer) and to identify the polyphenolics profile (phenolic acids and flavonoids) of C. betacea fruits. Anti-proliferative effect of the extracts was examined using MTT (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide) assay, followed by cell morphology analysis using acridine orange and propidium iodide double staining. Epidemiological studies have shown that high dietary intake of polyphenols from plant is associated with a decreased risk of the degenerative diseases, including cardiovascular diseases and certain cancers (Kumar and Pandey 2013). The process of carcinogenesis includes 3 important stages; initiation, promotion and progression (Wattenberg 1985). These phenolics substances have been shown to hinder cancer
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