Abstract
To investigate the anti-obesity potential of Antidesma bunius L. (MM), a Thai local fruit which is named “Mao Luang,” we have focused on the effects on pancreatic α-amylase and lipase enzyme activity and on adipocyte life cycle using the 3T3-L1 cell line as a model. In addition, the phytochemical composition and anti-oxidation potential were also analyzed using HPLC-PDA UV and colorimetric methods. The ethanolic extract of MM fruits prepared by a maceration method was used in the experiments. MM extract, yield 12.08% w/w, is composed primarily of phenolics and anthocyanins as the major phytochemicals, among which, gallic acid, catechin, anthocyanin-3-glucoside, and protocatechuic acid were initially identified. In addition, susceptibly inhibitory effects on oxidation in a DPPH assay; on lipase enzyme activity rather than amylase enzyme; and on adipocyte adipogenesis of MM were demonstrated. Interestingly, a concentration-dependent bi-modular manner of activity on adipocyte adipogenesis was discovered, whereby a significant anti-adipogenic effect was demonstrated at high concentration, whilst low concentrations of MM showed adipogenic induction. Lipolytic induction was manifested. Conclusively, the ethanolic MM extract was discovered to be a potential anti-obesity agent contributed by inhibitory effects on lipase enzyme and anti-differentiation and -adipogenesis in adipocytes which significantly correlated to the total phenolics content, as well as anti-oxidation as the mechanism of action. Nevertheless, to achieve effective application, further investigation in in vivo models should be considered.
Highlights
Obesity is a global concerning chronic disease due to its high incidence and prevalence [1]as well as being a risk factor in developing of other fatal chronic diseases, for instance, diabetes, high blood pressure and cardiovascular diseases [2]
(21.8 ± 3.5 mg Vit C eq/g extract) and TBAR assay (3.55 ± 0.42 mg butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) eq/g extract), these were found with different degrees
This was exhibited by the corresponding IC50 values which were 652 ± 5 μg/mL in the DPPH assay, but more than 1000 μg/mL in the thiobarbituric acid reactive substance (TBARS) assay (Table 1)
Summary
Obesity is a global concerning chronic disease due to its high incidence and prevalence [1]as well as being a risk factor in developing of other fatal chronic diseases, for instance, diabetes, high blood pressure and cardiovascular diseases [2]. The etiology of obesity involves multiple factors such as behavior, genetics, some medications, and diseases that lead to an imbalanced metabolism-induced excessive adipogenesis and lipid accumulation in tissues and organs. This begins at gastrointestinal food digestion and absorption involving amylase and lipase which are known as the two key enzymes responsible in carbohydrate and lipid digestion to produce glucose and glycerol and fatty acids, respectively [3,4]. Anti-obesity agents from natural sources have been identified as alternatives of interest with advantageous properties for applications with safe, multiple health promotion functions and less limited accessibility for all
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