Abstract
Eight barley varieties from Europe and Asia were subjected to moisture deficit at various development stages. At the seedling stage and the flag leaf stage combined stress was applied. The experiment was designed for visualization of the correlation between the dynamics of changes in phenolic compound profiles and the external phenome. The most significant increase of compound content in water deficiency was observed for chrysoeriol and apigenin glycoconjugates acylated with methoxylated hydroxycinnamic acids that enhanced the UV-protection effectiveness. Moreover, other good antioxidants such as derivatives of luteolin and hordatines were also induced by moisture deficit. The structural diversity of metabolites of the contents changed in response to water deficiency in barley indicates their multipath activities under stress. Plants exposed to moisture deficit at the seedling stage mobilized twice as many metabolites as plants exposed to this stress at the flag leaf stage. Specific metabolites such as methoxyhydroxycinnamic acids participated in the long-term acclimation. In addition, differences in phenolome mobilization in response to moisture deficit applied at the vegetative and generative phases were correlated with the phenotypical consequences. Observations of plant yield and biomass gave us the possibility to discuss the developmentally related consequences of moisture deficit for plants’ fitness.
Highlights
Plant resistance to moisture deficit is a variable feature depending on many factors such as edaphic, climatic and agronomic conditions, accompanying stresses as well as on the developmental phase of plants [1,2]
Ultra-Performance Liquid Chromatography (UPLC) profiling was executed to compare the effects of control conditions and different water regimes on phenolic compound composition
The peak annotation step showed that the co-elution of different compounds occurred in some cases during the chromatographic process, despite the great care taken in optimizing the separation conditions and the use of high-resolution instruments
Summary
Plant resistance to moisture deficit is a variable feature depending on many factors such as edaphic, climatic and agronomic conditions, accompanying stresses as well as on the developmental phase of plants [1,2]. Adaptation to the moisture deficit is a result of changes introduced to genomes of individuals of a species in the course of evolution as a result of mutations or breeders’ efforts [3] This allows to minimize the detrimental effect of this stress and increase the likelihood of obtaining some crop yield despite a permanent or temporary water deficit. A significant group of nonenzymatic antioxidants involved in plant response and tolerance to moisture deficit are phenolic compounds [7] Their high antioxidant activity depends on structural features such as the position and number of hydroxyl groups in cyclic rings. Advanced bioinformatic analysis for correlation of phenolome with external phenotype is necessary to decipher their network in moisture deficit
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