Phenolic contents and compositions in skins of red wine grape cultivars among various genetic backgrounds and originations.

Lei Zhu,Jiang Lu,Yali Zhang

doi:10.3390/ijms13033492

Abstract

In order to analyze and compare the phenolic characteristics of red wine grapes with diverse genetic backgrounds, skin phenolics among 21 different cultivars belonging to Vitis vinifera L., East Asian and North American Vitis species and hybrids, as well as 2 varieties of muscadine grapes were estimated by HPLC-MS/MS. There were 45 anthocyanins, 28 flavonols, 8 flavan-3-ols, 9 cinnamic acids, 5 benzoic acids, 5 ellagic acids and 2 stilbenes detected in all the samples. Total contents of each phenolic type varied significantly among the different grape cultivars investigated. There was also a large variability in the phenolic compositions of different grape groups. The differences in anthocyanin composition were obvious between V. vinifera and non-V. vinifera grapes and also between the grapes originating from Eurasia and North America. Quercetin-3-glucuronide and quercetin-3-glucoside were marker flavonol compounds for Euvitis grape skins. Flavan-3-ol monomers were dominant in the skins of muscadine and non-V. amurensis East Asian grapes, whereas polymers were more common in V. vinifera and North American grapes. The muscadine grapes were very rich in flavonols, flavan-3-ols and ellagic acids. Via principal component analysis, these grape cultivars were clustered into three groups according to their characteristic phenolic content and composition.

Highlights

The grape (Vitis L.), which has a long history of cultivation and utilization, is one of the most important commercial fruit crops worldwide
The skin of American hybrid “St. Croix” had the largest amount of Total anthocyanins (TA) (16840.99 μg MGE/g dry matter (DM)), while the smallest amounts of TA were found in V.labrusca “Catawba” and “Niagara Rosada”
We found some interesting trends worth investigating in further research in the molecular mechanism differences of anthocyanin biosynthesis in red wine grapes with various genetic backgrounds and originations. i) Methylated and 3',4',5'-substituted anthocyanins were dominant in the skins of V. vinifera and East Asian grapes native to Eurasia, the proportion of which was significantly higher than in North American and muscadine grapes native to American. ii) Mono-glucosides were the only anthocyanin type in European grape skins and dominant in North American grape skins, while di-glucoside anthocyanins were the only type in muscadines and dominant in East Asian grapes

Summary

Introduction

The grape (Vitis L.), which has a long history of cultivation and utilization, is one of the most important commercial fruit crops worldwide. There are more than 70 grape species and a large number of grape cultivars growing all over the world [1]. Vitis L. is divided into two subgenera: Euvitis Planch. There are three groups of Euvitis species, including V. vinifera, East Asian and North American Vitis species. Muscadinia Planch., which refers mainly to V. rotundifolia Michx., is originated in the southeastern United States. This grape is called muscadines and is genetically distinct from Euvitis species [2]

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Conclusion