Abstract
Prostatitis is an inflammatory condition that is related to multiple infectious agents, including bacteria and fungi. Traditional herbal extracts proved efficacious in controlling clinical symptoms associated with prostatitis. In this context, the aim of the present study was to explore the efficacy of extracts from Solidago virga-aurea, Ononis spinosa, Peumus boldus, Epilobium angustifolium, and Phyllanthus niruri against bacterial (Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus cereus) and fungi strains (Candida albicans; C. tropicalis) involved in prostatitis. Additionally, anti-mycotic effects were tested against multiple species of dermatophytes (Trichophyton rubrum, T. tonsurans, T. erinacei, Arthroderma crocatum, A. quadrifidum, A. gypseum, A. currey, and A. insingulare). Antioxidant effects were also evaluated in isolated rat prostates challenged with lipopolysaccharide (LPS), and phytochemical analyses were conducted to identify and quantify selected phenolic compounds, in the extracts. Finally, a bioinformatics analysis was conducted to predict putative human and microbial enzymes targeted by extracts’ phytocompounds and underlying the observed bio-pharmacological effects. The phytochemical analysis highlighted that rutin levels could be crucial for explaining the highest antibacterial activity of P. boldus extract, especially against E. coli and B. cereus. On the other hand, in the E. angustifolium extract, catechin concentration could partially explain the highest efficacy of this extract in reducing lipid peroxidation, in isolated rat prostates stimulated with LPS. Concluding, the results of the present study showed moderate antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory effects induced by water extracts of S. virga-aurea, P. boldus, E. angustifolium, P. niruri, and O. spinosa that could be related, at least partially, to the phenolic composition of the phytocomplex.
Highlights
Prostatitis is an inflammatory condition that is related to multiple infectious agents, including bacteria and fungi [1,2,3]
The separation was conducted within 60 min, starting from the conditions: water/acetonitrile: 93:7, (v/v)
1–5 show that the level of gallic acidlevel is higher in P.acid niruri the results of HPLC-UV-mass spectrometer (MS)
Summary
Prostatitis is an inflammatory condition that is related to multiple infectious agents, including bacteria and fungi [1,2,3]. The inflammatory pathways underlying prostatitis have been increasingly studied in recent years, and herbal extracts, especially in combination, have been revealed as a promising tool for the management of clinical symptoms related to the burden of inflammation/oxidative stress occurring in prostatitis [4] Related to this disorder, inflammation of the lower urinary tract (LUTS) is reported as the second most common human infectious disorder [5]. Increasing attention to alternative medications, including nutraceuticals and herbal preparations that could display a lower grade of side effects, has led to the exploration of extracts prepared from plants traditionally used by folk populations to manage inflammatory conditions [14] These extracts, especially those prepared via traditional infusions or decoctions, could be effective and safe due to their long-term use, and represent novel strategies for implementing local botanical chain productions [15,16]
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