Abstract
Grape pomace is commonly considered a waste product of monovarietal red wine production. Methods: HPLC-DAD analysis was performed to determine the polyphenol and flavonoid contents of all the extracts obtained from Montepulciano d’Abruzzo red wine and grape skins whereas, GC-MS was applied to the determination of fatty acid composition in grape seeds oil. Biological characterization involves antioxidant and antimicrobial assays for all the extracts and seeds oil; Their ability to inhibit α-glucosidase, α-amylase, α-tyrosinase, and ChE enzymes was also detected, together with anti-inflammatory activity on wine, grape skin extracts, and seeds oil by lipoxygenase (5-LOX) and LPS-stimulated macrophage release assays. Data indicate significative polyphenols content (199.31 ± 7.21 mgGAE/g), antioxidant (CUPRAC assay (1036.98 mgTE/g)), enzymatic inhibition (α-tyrosinase: 151.30 ± 1.20 mgKAE/g) and anti-inflammatory activities for wine-organic extract 2, while the antimicrobial activity of grape skin decoction is higher than those reported by wine extracts on three bacterial strains. Interestingly only dealcoholized wine and wine-aqueous extract exerts inhibitory effects on α-glucosidase (20.62 ± 0.23 mmolACAE/g and 19.81 ± 0.03 mmolACAE/g, respectively), while seeds oil is rich in oleic and linoleic acids. These results confirm the strong antioxidant properties of Montepulciano d’Abruzzo grape pomace, suggesting the potential use of this waste product as functional food supplements in the human diet and in cosmeceutics.
Highlights
Vitis vinifera L. is a typical crop cultivated in the Mediterranean area and is appreciated for its peculiar flavor and sensorial properties; it is a rich source of bioactive compounds involved in the defensive mechanisms against Alzheimer, diabetes mellitus, and cardiovascular diseases [1,2]
For each extraction of red wine, seeds, and grape skins, an extraction yield has been calculated on the basis of the dried sample weight in gram units (Table 1)
We further explored the inhibitory effects of wine, grape skins extracts, and seed oil against different enzymes involved in Alzheimer’s (AD) and diabetes mellitus (DM)
Summary
Vitis vinifera L. is a typical crop cultivated in the Mediterranean area and is appreciated for its peculiar flavor and sensorial properties; it is a rich source of bioactive compounds involved in the defensive mechanisms against Alzheimer, diabetes mellitus, and cardiovascular diseases [1,2]. They can be used as natural and antimicrobial ingredients of oral hygiene products, e.g., in liquid mouthwashes [15,16] This plethora of beneficial properties and the potential application of diverse by-products from grapes prompted us to investigate the biological activities of different extracts from the pomace of Montepulciano d’Abruzzo red wine. The polyphenol and flavonoid composition in different extracts of red wine, grapes skin, and seeds were compared and analyzed in order to highlight the importance of the extraction process in the determination of the quantity and quality of these compounds. The polyphenol and flavonoid composition in different exof 17 tracts of red wine, grapes skin, and seeds were compared and analyzed in order to3highlight the importance of the extraction process in the determination of the quantity and quality of these compounds.
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